EMOHRUO (Airspace Management and Air Traffic Services) Essay

EMOHRUO (Airspace Management and Air Traffic Services) - Essay Example This report will depict the significant issues related with the airspace the executives and air traffic administrations required for Emohruo. Reference will ceaselessly be made to the guide of Emohruo which is shown beneath for reference. Inside the extent of future airspace the board and air traffic administrations Emohruo will rise as an island country with different jobs. Given that Emohruo sits at the go across streets of universal traffic, almost certainly, the country will see global traffic looking like corresponding flights from all bearings. In addition the possibility of LVI forming into a betting sanctum is genuine and will introduce a great deal of universal and local traveler traffic. The air traffic will likewise be enlarged by necessities of the mining business just as the angling business alongside the ski resort SKI toward the north east. Then again, household traffic will doubtlessly stream along the eastern coast and to the mid western town of MP4. Consistent development will be required between LVI, the mining towns, the angling business, SKI and the urban areas of BP 1, 2 and 3 just as MP4 so as to give merchandise and enterprises. This will speak to the local air traffic load. Another arrangement of air traffic is introduced by military needs particularly in wake of the ongoing common war and while required this segment of air traffic should be saved secluded from every single other type of traffic for key reasons. The current area of the military exercise regions (allude to Figure One above) is separated from urban areas and other business works and ought to be kept up all things considered. Therefore business air traffic from the west over the military zone will be taboo and ought to be assigned as a no fly zone. The military arrangement could likewise be evacuated and moved further down south simply above MP4 to such an extent that traffic towards LVI won't meddle with it however this presents two issues. One there may

Critique Essay Write

Scrutinize Essay Write Scrutinize Essay Write Scrutinize Essay Write: Useful Help On the off chance that you have gotten an undertaking to adapt to study paper compose, you need to respond to some clear inquiries in your scrutinize articles writing all together o meet all the prerequisites you teacher name you. On the off chance that you avoid any of them from your investigate exposition think of you are running the hazard to get a lower grade than you have anticipated from your scrutinize article compose. That is the reason it is prescribed to be exceptionally mindful and not to miss a thing. Be that as it may, all the appropriate responses you offer ought not be simply basic normal responses, which assume the appropriate response of yes or no. All the appropriate responses you give in your investigate papers ought to be of an all-encompassing character. Consequently, here is a rundown of the inquiries you need to reply while your scrutinize paper compose task finishing: regardless of whether the subject of the article you need to talk about is an enrapturing one: regardless of whether the point is important one regardless of whether the decision of the point is all around grounded by the creator regardless of whether the substance and setting concurs with the expressed point regardless of whether the article is developed with the assistance of the current structure regardless of whether the article satisfy all the needs and prerequisites from it in entirety regardless of whether it is obvious or not regardless of whether it is outfitted with certain models, stories, maxims, platitudes, or statements. regardless of whether the article is durable and consistently associated one All the previously mentioned questions are those to find the solutions in the casings of your study exposition compose. In any case, recall that all the appropriate response ought to be based upon the guidelines of pundit. On the off chance that you figure out how to do it, you are going to win a prize, which is A+ grade. On the off chance that you neglect to do it, you will never get the evaluation you need to. Do You Need Professional Help? In the event that you feel that you are needing some extra scrutinize exposition compose help, you are free to visit our custom paper composing administration. There you are going to discover all that you need so as to compose fruitful investigate articles, which are worth of the A+ grade. Simply visit our site and all the inquiries you have will be expertly replied. We wish you good karma with your evaluate paper compose and trust that the data we have introduced in this very article is going to help you a lot during the procedure of investigate expositions composing. Intriguing posts: Journalists of Term Papers Term Schools Papers about Gospel Music Research projects Medieval Knights Research projects Essays Research project Topics

Dr. Seuss and Resource Use Featuring The Lorax Printable Environment Activity for Teaching Green

Dr. Seuss and Resource Use Featuring The Lorax Printable Environment Activity for Teaching Green FutureFit GR ? Use these classroom activities with The Lorax by Dr. Seuss to teach kids about natural resources and the potential negative impacts humans can have on the environment. This printable includes a 5-page teacher fact sheet about natural resources. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Environmental Protection AgencyThe Environmental Protection Agency leads the nation's environmental science, research, education and assessment efforts. The mission of EPA is to protect human health and the environment. Since 1970, EPA has been working for a cleaner, healthier environment for the American people.

Pros and Cons of Designer Babies - 2167 Words

Pros and Cons of Designer Babies Designer babies are babies, whose genetic makeup has been artificially screened and chosen by scientists, via genetic engineering. This concept has raised numerous ethical issues. Lets have a look at the pros and cons of designer babies. Did You Know? The term designer baby was actually coined by journalists and not scientists. The term designer baby made its entry into the Oxford English Dictionary in 2004, where it is defined as a baby whose genetic makeup has been artificially selected by genetic engineering, combined with in vitro fertilization to ensure the presence or absence of particular genes or characteristics.† What is a Designer Baby? Advances in genetics have given birth to this concept†¦show more content†¦When hes older well tell him what his purpose was, that hes extra-special for the gift he gave. If something happened to Harriet, hopefully Michaels arrival would cushion the blow. Until then well do everything in our power to save her. Wouldnt any parent do the same? On the other hand, a not so fortunate Shahana Hashmi, was denied the right to have a designer baby in the UK (on ethical grounds), to save her four-year old son who was suffering from a rare and terminal blood disorder. Later, when the right was restored, her body has passed the viable reproductive stage, and she was unable to bring a savior child for her ailing son. To this she says, Our intention was never to create a designer child. It was to create a much loved child who could help his brother.)) 2.Prevent Genetic Disorders Genetic screening can reduce the babys chances of being born with several serious diseases like Down syndrome, spinal muscular atrophy, cystic fibrosis, familial hypercholesterolemia, rare blood disorders such as Diamond-Blackfan anemia, etc. Families with inherited medical conditions like diabetes, obesity, hypertension, etc. or diseases like parkinsons disease, thalassemia, cancer, arthritis, hypothyroidism, Alzheimers disease, etc. may want to go in for designer babies to prevent the next generation from inheriting genes with these diseases. Disease-bearing genes can be screened for and onlyShow MoreRelatedThe Pros And Cons Of Designer Babies1062 Words   |  5 Pagestopic that has a lot of ethical issues surrounding it is designer babies. This research paper will explain what exactly a designer baby is, the pros, the cons, the reality, and the ethical issues surrounding genetic babies. So, what exactly is a designer baby? In layman terms, a designer baby is an embryo that is genetically engineered to display certain wanted, or even delete unwanted genes from the genetic makeup of that baby (Designer Babies). This is done by in vitro fertilization (IVF), whichRead MoreGenome Editing : The Modern Frankenstein929 Words   |  4 Pageswhat are the pros and cons? The most obvious pro, of course, is that genome editing can help delete diseases and abnormalities within our DNA (Rajan). With this advancement in being able to edit our genes, it gives us a much better idea of the genes, and an ability to move even further (Designer Babies Pros and Cons). Another pro, is that each child can have better genes than the parents have, and essentially be healthier with longer lives (Designer Babies Pros and Cons). As for the cons, this couldRead MoreThe Invention Of Designer Babies902 Words   |  4 Pagestechnologies, the creation of designer babies is an increasing reality. Designer babies are genetically engineered in vitro for specially selected traits, which can vary from lowered disease risk to gender selection (â€Å"Ethics of Designer Babies† 1). With the possibility of designer babies becoming a reality, many ethical arguments have come into play. Within these arguments the pros and cons of designer babies are discussed and many ethical issues are brought up. There are many pros involved in the creationRead MoreNew Ideas And Inventions Of The World s Technology Essay981 Words   |  4 Pagesphysical appearance and health.Because of these technological advancements, people are able to essentially â€Å"Design a baby† by altering DNA and choosing which physical traits they want their children to have. This idea of genetic modification was introduced by the U.S. in 2000 when the first â€Å"designer baby† was born. The first Designer baby was Adam Nash, born August of 2000. Baby Nash was an experiment to help the client’s daughter, Molly, with a bone marrow transplant. She suffered from FanconiRead MoreDesigner Babies1566 Words   |  7 PagesCritical Review of Designer Babies: The Pros and Cons of Genetic Engineering Author: Siew Yang Yi Yin Ren. Designer Babies: The Pros and Cons of Genetic Engineering. MURJ Volume 12, Spring 2005. Genetic engineering is the modification of an organism’s genome through direct human manipulation of the DNA using modern technology. Although classical genetic methods using selective breeding has been done by humans since thousands of years ago, the manipulation of genome of organism through advanceRead MoreGenetic Engineering The Perfect Child Essay example1024 Words   |  5 Pagesof their child into their own hands. Whether it is ethical, or not, to engineer designer babies is a highly controversial topic with numerous pros and cons. Pre-Implantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) is the contentious technology fertility specialists use to engineer what are commonly referred to as designer babies. There are countless experts, scientists, and physicians that fall on either side of the designer baby argument. In an article from CBS News, Dr. Arthur Caplan, Ph.D (director of the CenterRead MoreAs Technology Continues To Advance In Our Society, Medicine1142 Words   |  5 Pagesthe ability to design their babies. IVF, also known as in vitro fertilization, is the process of pre-selecting embryos before implantation (Bonsor and Layton). This form of conception aids many families with infertility to experience pregnancy and birthing a child of their own. Through the use of Preimplantation genetic diagnosis(PGD), IVF scans embryos for genetic disorders to ensure a healthier baby. But is designing a baby really as great as it sounds? Designer babies may seem like the future ofRead MoreWhat Is Meant By Designer Babies?1542 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is meant by Designer babies? The definition of a designer baby is that, a babies genetic makeup has been selected to eradicate a particular defect or to make sure that a particular gene is present(English Oxford dictionary).During embryo screening, a scientist would be able to tell what physical characteristics a child will grow to have; as well as whether or not this child is at risk of developing or will develop genetic disorders such as autism, down syndrome, Huntington’s disease, Alzheimer’sRead MoreGenetic Engineering: Paper 3. Long, Blond Hair, Bright,1310 Words   |  6 Pagesthe human nature.   Genetic engineering, which includes the deliberate modification of human characteristics in a specific organism, causes controversy between people with difference in opinion (U.S.).   Genetic engineering for the aspiration of designer babies is not right, however utility for medical reasons of a fetus should be granted. In a New York Times article, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) panel states that they will only look into the scientific aspects of what they call mitochondrialRead MoreWhy People Should Not Embrace The Technology That Is Designer Babies975 Words   |  4 Pagesembrace the technology that is designer babies. The purpose of the discussion topic is to persuade people to against further research of designer babies. The general concept of designer babies is the hand-picked creation of a child, but the topic will be further discussed throughout this essay. Designer babies are an inhumane way to create a child and should not be promoted or legal in the United States. There are many videos based on the study of designer babies, as shown in the beginning of my

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Educational Reform in the Philippines Free Essays

The Giant planets Lesson 8. 8 Introduction: Gas giants fall into different categories. So-called â€Å"traditional† gas giants include Jupiter. We will write a custom essay sample on Educational Reform in the Philippines or any similar topic only for you Order Now Jupiter is such a classic example of a gas giant that gas giants are often referred to as Jovian planets despite the fact that some gas giants ,ice giants for instance are very different from Jupiter. Traditional gas giants have high levels of hydrogen and helium. Another category of gas giants is ice giants. Ice giants are also composed of small amounts of hydrogen and helium; however, they have high levels of what are called â€Å"ices. These ices include methane, water, and ammonia. I. Objectives: A. Identify the different kinds of giants planet B. Explain the structure of the giants planets II. Learning Content: There are four gas giants in our Solar System: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. As noted, Jupiter is a traditional gas giant. Saturn is also a traditional gas giant. However, Uranus and Neptune are ice giants. Their blue color is due to the large amounts of methane in the planets. All of the gas giants in our Solar System have planetary ring system, and they are al l much larger than the terrestrial planets in the Solar System. All of the gas giants in our Solar System also have many moons. Again, Jupiter holds the record with 63   moons discovered so far. Outer Planets For the outer planets, the division is more distinct, with the inner two gas giants, Jupiter and Saturn being quite different in many ways from the outer two gas giants, Uranus and Neptune. In terms of size, Saturn, with a diameter of 120,000km is not a world away from Jupiter, with a 142,000km diameter. However the other two planets, Uranus and Neptune have diameters of ‘only’ 51,800km and 50,000km respectively – roughly the size of the core of Saturn or Jupiter. This large size difference is responsible for many other differences between the two groups, for instance Jupiter and Saturn both have sufficiently high internal pressures to ‘squeeze’ large quantities of Hydrogen into a metallic state in their cores, whilst Uranus and Neptune can produce only a tiny fraction of this amount. As a consequence, their magnetic fields are much smaller than those of Saturn and Jupiter, whose magnetic fields are generated in large part thanks to electrical currents moving through this material. JUPITER| SATURN| URANUS| Diameter| 142,600 km| Average Distance from Sun| 778,412,010 km| Mass| 1. 90 x 1027 kg| Size compared to Earth| 11x| Gravity compared to Earth| 2. 34x| Surface Temperature| 165 K| Length of day| 9 hours 50 minutes| Length of year| 11. 84 years| Eccentricity of Orbit| 0. 048| Density| 1. 33 gm/cm3| Moons| 63| Atmosphere| Hydrogen – 90% Helium – 10% Traces of Methane Ammonia| | Diameter| 120,200 km| Average Distance from Sun| 1,427 million km| Mass| 5. 68 x 1026 kg| Size Compared to Earth (Diameter)| 9x| Gravity compared to Earth| 0. 93x| Cloud-Top Temperature| -180 °C| Length of Day| 10 hours 14 mins| Length of Year| 29. 46 Earth years| Eccentricity of Orbit| 0. 056| Moons| 30+| Density| 0. 70gm/cm3| Atmosphere| Hydrogen – 94% Helium – 6% Traces of Methane, Ammonia Water Vapour| | Diameter| 51,800 km| Average Distance from Sun| 2,871 million km 19. 2AU| Mass| 8. 68 x 1025 kg| Size compared to Earth (Diameter)| 4x| Gravity compared to Earth| 0. 79x| Surface temperature| -210 °C| Length of Day| 17 hours 14 mins(Retrograde)| Length of Year| 84. 01 Earth years| Eccentricity of Orbit| 0. 046| Moons| 21| Density| 1. 30gm/cm3| Atmosphere| Hydrogen – 85% Helium – 13% Methane – 2%| | Diameter| 49,528 km| Average Distance from Sun| 4,501 million km| Mass| 1. 02 x 1026kg| Size compared to Earth| 3. 8x| Gravity compared to Earth| 1. 2x| Cloud-Top Temperature| -220 °C| Length of Day| 16. 11 hours| Length of Year| 164. 8 Earth years| Eccentricity of Orbit| 0. 009| Moons| 8| Density| 1. 76 gm/cm3| Atmosphere| Hydrogen – 85% Helium – 13% Methane – 2%| Test yourself A. Write the word/s describe in each number. ______________1. Planets had 63 moons ______________2. It is a large planet in a solar system _____________ 3. Planets had eight moons ______________4. Roman God of Agriculture ______________5. A Dwarf among Giants planet B. Write true if the statement is correct and if it is false write the correct word above the underlined concept. _______________1. Jovian planet refers to the Roman god Jupiter _______________2. Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are often called â€Å"Gas Giants _______________3. Giant planets had a coldness atmosphere _______________4. Uranus has an extreme tilt that causes its seasons to be severely marked. _______________5. Hot Jupiter also called roaster planets. Written report In Astronomy Submitted by: Marilyn G. Habla Rodel Hererra BEED CC3A How to cite Educational Reform in the Philippines, Papers

Leadership Emotional Spiritual Intelligence

Questions: 1.Briefly explain two key leadership and or organisational challenges in your organisation. Critically evaluate the effect of these challenges on individuals, teams and your organisation as a whole? 2.suggest an applicable leadership style or theory to Bayer UK and your organisation. Recommend the most appropriate leadership theory to address the two key leadership or organisational challenges in your organisation? 3.Compare and contrast Bayer UK and your organisation. Explain why you think this leadership theory will be beneficial for your organisation? 4.Critically examine the key obstacles preventing your preferred leadership theory from being effectively applied in your organisation? 5.Generate key practical recommendations to overcome these above-mentioned obstacles. Your response should also explain what behaviour and or attitude you are going to change to ensure that your preferred leadership theory will be effectively implemented in your organisation? 6.Critically explain the importance of having a clear purpose on a personal and professional level. Describe your purpose is in life. Critically analyse the extent to which you are living your purpose on a personal and professional level? 7.Critically explain the importance of values at Bayer UK at a personal and professional level. Prioritise and list the top five values that are most important to you. Critically review the extent to which you are living and applying these values at a personal and professional level? 8.Identify and explain one core shadow or self-limiting belief that is preventing you from performing optimally in your organisation. Critically evaluate the effect of this self-limiting belief at a personal and professional level? 9.Identify a supportive or helpful belief from one leader at Bayer UK. Develop your own supportive or helpful belief to replace your shadow belief. Explain how youwill ensure that this belief is internalised? 10.Briefly explain a key problem that you are experiencing with a colleague and which is impeding effective performance in your organisation. Identify and critically explain a relevant emotional intelligence model or tool that could be used to analyse and resolve this problem? Answers: Introduction Leadership skills are one of the most prominent factors that decide the best operations of any service. It aids in regulating, managing and maintaining the organizational practices. Therefore, the organizational behavior is a direct impact of the leadership practice. This is applicable for any kind of business activities, whether small ventures or start-ups. The leader is technically the captain of the ship who regulates all the activities of the concern. This study analyses the comparison between two organizations, Bayer and Elegance, with their appropriate choice of leadership style. Bayer UK is one among the most reputed organization in the field of the chemical experiments and sustainable products. The immense labor and innovation, which it applies in production, makes it a unique organization. Elegance Limited on the other hand, is an Australian base organization dealing with the production of a range of healthcare and beauty products. Elegance Limited promotes and makes beauty products that defies beauty standards and dismisses any kind of discrimination. It has a successful haul of 17 years and continues to serve its million counts of clients by formulating and launching new and useful products. There are a number of relevant circumstances to support the comparisons and review of the leadership methods for the two particular concerns. 1. Any organization operates on a specific framework. The organizational structure functions according to this module. It aids in regulating, managing and maintaining the organizational practices. This is applicable for any kind of business activities, whether small ventures or start-ups. The name of my organization, Elegance Inc. deals with beauty and healthcare products based in Australia. Established in the year of 2000, it has surpassed the test of time for the last 17 years. The formation of the company was possible as one of the most revolutionary period. Over the last couple of years, Elegance has had a very successful establishment in the beauty and healthcare industry. Right from extensive build up of the business, inclusion of a large range of products and significant expansion in some recent years, Elegance has definitely been catching up with all the competitors. Elegance promotes beauty products that defies beauty standards and dismisses any kind of discrimination. Over the last few months, Elegance has included digitalization in its operation that has obviously caused certain impacts within the organizational structure. Despite its considerable inputs to the business, the organization faces a number of challenges. The number of organizational and leadership challenges that have occurred in my company are as follows: Strategies for coping up with the recurrent drive for the trends in the market: Globalization is one of the important factors on which the business impacts depends (Day et al. 2014).In fact coping with the recent drives for including and formulating innovative products means successive involvement of a lot of young minds and faces. The individuals who have more acceptance and insight about the recurrent trends of the market and knowledge of the upcoming revelations in the cosmetic industry will be more beneficial for the business of my organization. Therefore, a crisis like this has responded with disappointment from the present number of employees. There is a visible reason of concern cited by the employees on the dissatisfaction for including a bunch of new workforce. All the departments, in effect to that there has been coordination problems between the respective teams who are divided on this idea. Leadership challenges in regards to new methods and applications: As mentioned earlier, Elegance has recently shifted to their digital mode in all of its aspects. The objective of expanding its business in the global market over the period of next five years has held to the virtual maximization (Chemers, 2014). All the employees have not readily accepted it, which has risen in changing some leadership theories at its business operation. Due to this phenomenon, there have been new methods and applications in the strategies that have resulted in many adverse situations among the employees. In spite of accepting and welcoming the initiatives of training and development in dealing with technology, the employees are posing as threats. Laissez-faire type of leadership has been very eventful in our organization but the current situation includes the need for democratic leadership skills (Gregoire and Arendt, 2015). 2. Applicable leadership style for Bayer UK Bayer UK has been one of the most consistent performers in the agriculture sector. It has been operating from the year 1968 in Germany and United Kingdom. The contributions of Bayer UK in agrarian and sustainable development have been regarded as the success factors for Bayer in its long run. The Grid Model and Role Theory introduces to the technical aspects of the leadership style. It is the historical study conducted on leadership management. The suggestive applicable leadership style for this organization is Laissez-Faire theory (Einarsen, Aasland, and Skogstad). In fact interviews and studies have cited as the reason which suggested openness and authenticity being the main reason for the cooperative organization structure by of Bayer UK. Earnestness and naturalness are the two key factors that determine the selection of this kind of leadership for Bayer UK. According to Adam Smith, the term laissez-faire, It is regarded as the way to unleash human potential through the restoration of natural system a system unhindered by the restrictions (Wong and Giessner 2015). Leadership theory includes some aspect of the concepts of leadership management. The paradigm takes into view the major motivation, comprehending powers; understand capacity, predictions, and other relevant factors that are useful by virtue of leadership. One can analyze leadership theory in three aspects: organizational, individual and group activities. In the words of Lussier and Achua (2015), the leadership paradigm integrates the various factors like trait, contingency, integrative and behavior. It involves the people as regarded by the Managing Director, in all its activities and its social standing. The task and relationship oriented style have been assessed through the relevant theories in a private setup. The witness of the interviews by the employees of Bayer UK reveal ed that the organization functions in a close-knit system that can be further enhanced in the form of the participatory leadership methods (Dinh et al. 2014). The suggestive applicable leadership style for Elegance Inc. The pre-defined characteristics possessed in the Leadership Practices Inventory Services introduced by Barry Posner and James Kousez is a relevant feature that has been established by Bayer UK. The transformational leadership theory can also be easily be followed by Bayer UK and Elegance Inc. can follow the Transformational Leadership Theory. According to Bass, it was studied and the research was followed in the year of 1960, which reflects on the positive influence of the leader (Lussier and Achua, 2014). As opined by Kurt Lewin in 1930 the Participative Leadership involves all the theories that take into consideration of the skills and practices of leadership that are essential in a private set up. Participatory leadership can be defined by the theory in which everybody is given the chance to contribute, ideologies are shared and conversations are encouraged. The democratic process focuses on group activity and equality by leading the group with guidance, management and control. Th e leader possesses the democratic powers that help deciding significant decision with a unanimous situation rather than the free will of individual decisions that has ill consequences ( Minor, 2015). In fact while interviewing one of the employees, of Bayer UK they reassured the job satisfaction criteria. According to Daft (2014), the complete leadership experience is only successful if the practices have been followed accordingly. In order to address the two key leadership and organizational challenges, the suggestive tools for reducing the challenges are Strategic Contingencies Theory. D.J Hickson that was established in the year of 1951 who proposed it (Dinh et al. 2014).It allows strategies that must be effective so that the alternative plan for solving the current issue and derogatory outcomes can be avoided in case of emergencies. The leadership theory proposed By Hickson can be applied for enhancing group effectiveness and helps in creating more cooperative and holistic environment. In fact the reason for choosing this model is for minimizing the redundancy in the name of productivity that has affected the behavioral attitude of the employees. The implementation of leaders hip theories must be applicable in a practical scenario like Elegance Inc. and Bayer UK. 3. Comparison between Bayer UK and Elegance Inc. in different leadership style There are numbers of existing leadership style that are respectively being followed by different organizations. Often these leadership styles portray the effects and reflect the organizational behavior of the concerned (Buchanan, 2016). While the suggested leadership style for Bayer UK is Laissez Faire, on the other hand Elegance Inc. should follow a democratic leadership in order to minimize the current organizational challenges. This is the suggestive style for Bayer UK because according to the Managing Director of Bayer, It seems that in every decision they make they are thinking, well this is what we need to do, how can we do it and benefit the employees at the same time. The concept of caring about all the employees and prioritizing their advantage along with profit maximization is the way in which Bayer UK operates. Give the people the freedom to do their job is what the Managing Director opines about his vision of the workforce which will include all the determinants of the organization (Daft, 2014). Elegance Inc. has to bring about a drastic change in their leadership style. According to the current requirements of the organization, democratic leadership must be involved within our business operations it (Van, 2014). It entails the views of both the management as well as the employees but there must be a certain control over the power being handed over to the workforce. In fact, the unlimited control that gives positive feedbacks and leads to the cooperative set up for Bayer UK becomes detrimental for the productivity for Elegance. There is an equal share of domination and participation in the employer-employer relationship (Van, 2014). Elegance has maintained one of the most competitive market players. It will lag behind among its contemporaries that cannot be dissolved due to some rigid intentions of the employees. This reflective view can be supported for the democratic and strategic contingency leadership to be followed by Elegance Inc. It it will enable them to establish innovations despite all the various inputs that have resulted in the current state of dissatisfaction. The theory focuses on leadership skills that will enable the best of opportunities to be viable for the organization (Chemers 2014). The flexibility factor is very crucial which must be achieved within the organization. Therefore, in order to make the conditions more feasible in the organizational structure of Elegance the management must ascertain the particular leadership skills. 4. In spite of its successive run, there are some organizational and leadership challenges that cover all the discrepancies of the business operations (Haslam, Reicher and Platow 2014).The key obstacles in incorporating the preferred leadership style in my organization are the current situation of Elegance Inc. Therefore the challenges that have emerged due to the independent and sovereign state which has been provided to the workforce has backfired to effect the attitude of the employees in accepting the innovative changes that can be incorporated for the betterment of the organization. If I want to adopt the Laissez faire policy then, it is quite visible that it will not be an agreeable decision between the employer and employee. In regards to the perspective of the CEO, I will try to make initiatives and regulations which will help in making the workplace and the organizational structure more feasible and favorable for all the employees, but often the employees themselves probes a s problems who will deny the entry of new and innovative human resources or technologies (Chemers, 2014). The conventional mindset is becoming a challenging affair to implement the considerate and best rule of leadership. It is very proactive and the decorum or the policies of the organization through it. Another major obstacle is the current scenario where all the competitors of Elegance Inc. have made the significant transformations in their workspace. Therefore, in the attempts to involve the positive leadership style my company needs to buckle up which can only be brought about in a cooperative scenario. 5. The key obstacles that are being faced by the organization is that the employees were not being able to accept the changes in the organization. They have settled in one type of environment and were not ready to change the way they perform. The employees should feel that they are a part of the organization. As a result, the democratic leadership style will be best suited in the organization like Bayers UK. Democratic leadership style entails mutual voice and representation of all the members of the organization (Wong and Giessner 2015). They are involved in the major decision-making which be used for the benefit of the whole firm. The employees feel connected with the organization. Once the employees are being able to voice their support or protest, they will be able to comply with the changes in the organization. All the successive changes shall include in the final draft of the organization. In fact applying the democratic leadership style will save time and money. Rather than making the changes after the implementation of the change, it is better to involve the employees and then implement the change. If the employees are being involved in the decision-making process, they will know the reasons behind the change and they will understand the importance of the change. Even if they do not like any factor in the change, they will be able to voice their concern. However, there would be s upervisor who would look after the employees and the decision are taking in the organization (Day et al. 2014).The leader or the department heads scrutinize the decision and the legitimate reasons behind it, which the employees make. The implementation of the demands of the employees will only be possible under many conditions. The decisions have to be feasible and accessible. The presences of the leader will be present to negotiate with the employees if there is any scope. Once the management has submitted to a decision, there should be no scope for negotiation. There will be productivity as well as satisfaction prevailing together in the organization. 6. It is necessary to have proper purpose both in professional and personal level. Purpose helps an individual to set a goal for life and plan the objectives of living the life. Setting a purpose in the personal and the professional life is important mainly because it helps in fixing the direction and guidance in life. The person who knows the exact direction and has the guidance to achieve the goal will be successful in future. The person who does not have a purpose will not have any direction and eventually will end up achieving nothing in life. When a person has set a purpose in life, it will help them to facilitate planning to achieve the goals. When a person will have a purpose in the personal and professional life, the same individual will also be able to motivate the co-workers who are working with him or her. When a person is working with a purpose, then the workers will feel motivated and they work in the similar manner. The co-workers will set a purpose and will work to ach ieve their goal. Having a specific purpose in life will also help the individual to take control of the life that he or she lives. The person will come to know the way to live a balanced life. The person will know the things that should be given more importance and the things it need that might not need to achieve the goals that have been set in life. The purpose that I have in my life is too able to be my own boss and want to become friends who are working. until now I have not being successful to be my own boss but I believe that I once I remain focuses on my purpose in life I will be able to start my own business. However, as far as the professional front is concerned, I have been handling the employees who are reporting to me. For the employees who are reporting to me, I try to make them feel at home while they are working. I feel that they should get chance to develop their career while they are working in an organization. As far as the personal front is concerned, I am trying to stat my own business. I am mainly working on my marketing skills as that will help to convince the customers. I am also working on my communication skills and learning to keep a control on my tension. As I get tensed in pressure, I have to work on that as well to achieve my goal. 7. The values that are being applied at Bayers UK can be applied to personal as well as professional level. However, once a person can apply the value in personal level, that individual will be able to apply the same values at the professional level. Following are some of the values that are applied thoroughly at Bayers UK: Taking care of people Servant leader Sense of autonomy Compassion Work in a calm manner When a person is able to take care of the people in twhe society and the surroundings, the same person will also take care of the people in the organization. Taking care of the employees is one of the most important values at Bayers UK. The employees could take their bonus and leave based on their need. The employees can take their bonus as per their ease. It is not necessary that they will be given the money all at one time. In this way, the employees feel secure as they know that their money is safe with the company and they can take them out as per their needs. As the name suggests, servant leader is the one who serve for the employees, yet practice leadership qualities. The employees have a say in the company, their contribution is being recognized, and they have a say in the company. If a scientist has achieved something, then the company does not take the recognition and give the recognition to the employees, as an individual is given all the recognition, they are always ready to innovate and apply their innovation for the enhancement of the business of the organization. As the company are takes care of the employees, they also work for the company considering the place as their home. The employees were asked to work in a calm manner and the leader works in the same manner. They are taught the idea of time management. Out of the values that are possessed by Bayers UK, I have been the servant leader. I work for my employees. I can work in a team work in the company and understand the problems who are junior to me and I feel that the junior employees be treated with respect. In addition to this, I believe in giving people the things that they deserve. I do not claim anything as mine if someone else has found it. Not only the people who are working with me, I try to understand the issues with people I live when I am at home. The value I do not possess within myself working in a calm manner. I have issues with time management and at the end, I have to work in a haste. When the task is not completed on time, there have been issues that were faced by me and my team. This not only hampers my quality of work but I also put my co-employees. I feel that I have to work on my time management skills so that I will be able to complete my work on time. 8. The self-limiting belief that is preventing me from performing well in the organization is the idea that I am not able to manage time properly. I take too much work and me and later find issues in completing the work. However, it has been seen my peers are completing the similar task on time by dividing the task and completing one task at a time. As I am not able to divide the tasks properly for myself, I do not stay calm while I am handling my duty. They might have been able to manage the time but as I panic as I feel that I am not been able to manage the time as effectively as my co-workers are. Eventually, it has given rise to another self-limiting belief within me and that is the lack of communication when I look after the employees. I feel that I am not able to communicate properly regarding the task with them so that one task is done on time. I am not able to handle the situation for myself as I am believing that if I am not able to perform the task on time then they would not be able to do as well. Due to these issues, there have been many problems in the organization and workplace. The problems are rising between me and my staffs even though they know I support them I every step and trust them in everything they do. 9. The work and the working style of Colin Pedley from Bayers UK will help me in fighting the issue with time management and implement a calm behavior. As Colin hail from a place where carrot and stick theory was being used to handle the employee and time has been the only measure to understand whether the employees are performing well. Colin felt that Bayers UK would not be able survive for long and felt the employees are laid back here. However, he found the real reason for such behavior and understood the fact that and the employees enjoy the work that they do in the organization. They are give the time to know the work and then they work on the things that they like. It not only helps them to stay calm but they also enjoy the work. It helped Bayers UK in getting quality work from the employees along with productivity. I got the inspiration from Colin that I have to enjoy the work that I am doing rather than thinking it as duty or work. I take up a lot of work at one time to prove my skills but at the end I end up messing the work the. To prove my skills I take up lots of work that is also out of genre and it hampers my quality of work. I am facing issues regarding the quality of my work as I am not able to keep up with the time and do the work. The idea of Colin helped me a lot to come out of self-limiting belief. I have to understand the type of work that will help me to develop my skills and I would be able to carry out effectively. I also understood that there is no need of carrot and stick to manage the employees. Once the employees will enjoy the work they do, the productivity as the work quality will increase I will also have to talk to my junior employees to know their interest and area of expertise. If they find interest in the area that they are working, they will be given the work that t hey like to do. 10. Recently, some of the inspectors from the overseas came to our office for inspection. We were given specific work to show the progress level of our organization. The main idea of the presentation was to get proper funds from them or the next project of the organization. I gather a lot of information about the past work of our company and started working on the presentation. I tried to incorporate all the information I have and there was a delay in work. On the other hand, a colleague of mine made the presentation way ahead of time and was making the final changes in the presentation. I started feeling that he has not done proper research and will give a presentation that will not have the all the information. I was panicking as the deadline was near and the laid back nature of my colleague started annoying me. I felt that he is not working properly and started questioning his preparation. Initially, it was fine, but when I asked more questions, he denied answering me. I felt that as he has not worked properly, he is trying to avoid the situation. We had fight that not only delayed my work but also resulted in tarnished my relationship with my colleague. The following emotional intelligence model will help me tackle my issues with my colleague: Figure 1: Emotional Intelligence Model (Source: Goleman, Boyatzis and McKee 2013) The issue that I am facing with my colleague is that I am not being able to stay calm, I feel that my colleague should also behave in the similar manner that work for the factors that have given rise to the issues. It panic and start assuming that they might be facing the similar issues as mine. It not only hampers my relationship with the colleagues but also hampers the work quality. My problem is I am not able to stay calm in time of pressure and eventually it gave rise to the issues with my colleagues. I take too much pressure on me and I am not able to cope with the situations. On the other hand, my colleagues manage the things well and stay calm even when there is a pressure in the organization. I felt hat he is not doing his work properly and eventually, I had a conflict. The model suggests that I have to be cal and understand the emotional quotient of other people who are working with me. I have immense respect for my colleagues but as I tend to panic, I feel panicking is the only sign that I am working. I have o respect the skills of the employees as well. I have to understand that they can handle pressure better than me and just panicking will not help me or the company to achieve success in the field I work in. self-awareness is also necessary my case. I have to understand that when others doing the same amount of work the I can also do that my managing time. I have to develop the skills that will help me to manage time and take control over my emotions. If required I also take professional help as well. Conclusion After going through the case study of Bayers UK UK, it can be said that democratic leadership will be the idea leadership practice for any organization. Elegance has been following the laissez faire leadership style. It has been found that laissez faire leadership was giving employees more power and it was becoming tough for the owner to manage the leadership. Hence, they have applied the democratic leadership where the employees will take the decisions but there will be supervisor. On the contrary, Bayers UK UK had been following democratic leadership. The democratic leadership has helped the company to a strong position. While completing the assignment, it has been concluded that every individual should have a purpose in life. I found that I suffer from tension when there is pressure and I lack communication skills. I have faced issues with an employee when we had to give a presentation. It not affected my work but also my relationship with the employee. I decided to follow the path of Colin Pedley who says the tine should enjoy the work he or she is doing. I understoof that I should enjoy my work. Reference Buchanan, J.M., 2016. 1988: The Adam Smith Address on the Structure of an Economy: a Re-Emphasis of Some Classical Foundations. InThe Best of Business Economics(pp. 161-170). Palgrave Macmillan US. Burnes, B. and Cooke, B., 2013. Kurt Lewin's Field Theory: A Review and Re?evaluation.International journal of management reviews,15(4), pp.408-425. Chemers, M., 2014.An integrative theory of leadership. Psychology Press. Daft, R.L., 2014.The leadership experience. Cengage Learning. Day, D.V., Fleenor, J.W., Atwater, L.E., Sturm, R.E. and McKee, R.A., 2014. Advances in leader and leadership development: A review of 25years of research and theory.The Leadership Quarterly,25(1), pp.63-82. Dinh, J.E., Lord, R.G., Gardner, W.L., Meuser, J.D., Liden, R.C. and Hu, J., 2014. Leadership theory and research in the new millennium: Current theoretical trends and changing perspectives.The Leadership Quarterly,25(1), pp.36-62. Einarsen, S., Aasland, M.S. and Skogstad, A., 2016. the nature and outcomes of destructive leadership behavior in Organizations.Risky Business: Psychological, Physical and Financial Costs of High Risk Behavior in Organizations, p.323. Furtner, M.R., Baldegger, U. and Rauthmann, J.F., 2013. Leading yourself and leading others: Linking self-leadership to transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire leadership.European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology,22(4), pp.436-449. Goleman, D., Boyatzis, R. and McKee, A., 2013.Primal leadership: Unleashing the power of emotional intelligence. Harvard Business Press. Gregoire, M.B. and Arendt, S.W., 2014. Leadership: Reflections over the past 100 years.Journal of the Academy of Leadership and Business,114(5), pp.S10-S19. Hackman, M.Z. and Johnson, C.E., 2013.Leadership: A communication perspective. Waveland Press. Haslam, S.A., Reicher, S.D. and Platow, M.J., 2015. Leadership: Theory and practice. Lam, C.K., Huang, X. and Chan, S.C., 2015. The threshold effect of participative leadership and the role of leader information sharing.Academy of Management Journal,58(3), pp.836-855. Lussier, R.N. and Achua, C.F., 2015.Leadership: Theory, application, skill development. Nelson Education. Miner, J.B., 2015.Organizational behavior 1: Essential theories of motivation and leadership. Routledge. Van Wart, M., 2014.Dynamics of leadership in public service: Theory and practice. Routledge. Wong, S.I. and Giessner, S.R., 2015. The Thin Line Between Empowering and Laissez-Faire Leadership An Expectancy-Match Perspective.Journal of Management, p.0149206315574597.

Blue Bag Essay Sample free essay sample

I. Introduction A. ) Name and reference of the Business The Group decides that this Business will name its venture as â€Å"Blue bag† . It catches the attending of the Consumer and it will easy to retrieve and remember the trade name and the merchandise itself. It is a Bag that is created and made for the consumers’ desires and wants. So in short it is more on customized bag ; nevertheless it is different from other customized bag because Blue Bag will depend on the stuffs that are to be used. It will be located at a commercial infinite or edifice located in close Robinsons Cybergate J. P laurel Bajada Davao City. Most enterprisers put up their Business in this country because it is near to school. Malls and Subdivision where most of people are pupils. adolescents and immature at bosom normally live or do some shopping. Another ground for the topographic point is that. We will write a custom essay sample on Blue Bag Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page since it is close concern constitutions there is a great opportunity that passerby will see the visibleness of the dress shop with its merchandise interior and acquire funny what is the merchandise is all about. B. ) Name and Address The Entrepreneur of this Venture and Their Addresss are the following Andrade. Richard B. # 127 Narra st. Phase 5 Hillside Subd Davao City Plasabas. Emanuelle Purok 2 Brgy. San Vicente. Panabo City Davao del Norte Earl Nicolle SidenoB. O. Obrero. Lacson St. Davao City Jan Harvy Jugar # 46-B Belen Rd. Brgy. Vicente Hizon Davao City Charles Eduard Xu # 1708 Tawi tawi St. West Insular Village. Lanang. Davao City C. ) Nature of the Business Blue Bag is a partnership type of Business venture it is compose of five proprietors. . The concern operates by bring forthing its ain merchandise which consists of stuffs like fabric. run uping equipments and supplies. and design stuffs for customization. The operation includes administering its good to its consumer door-to-door footing and besides direct merchandising from the shop having orders though individual assignment or electronic mail D. ) Statement of Financing demands To get down with the concern the spouses will necessitate P260. 000 worth of capital to cover up all disbursals. which means each of us will lend P52. 000 so that we can come up a sum of P260. 000 for the capital of the Business. The disbursals include the least of the infinite with 2 months sedimentation and 1 month progress. Other disbursals including the electricity. H2O. telephone and cyberspace measures. office furniture like tabular arraies. chairs and air conditioner and equipment like run uping machine and other run uping stuffs. E. ) Statement of confidentiality study To maintain the confidentiality of the concern. the confidential study or the secrets that are merely within the proprietors should be kept merely by the five proprietors and to state to others merely should be kept besides in the four corners of the concern office. Example of these are the name of the providers. the fabric that the concern used. the sum of the capital. the income of the concern and other of import affairs that are confidential are should be kept in private topographic point. Each spouse is required to subscribe a contract of confidentiality. to forestall them from oinking any secrets of the concern. The contract will besides province the effects that a spouse will confront if and when he violates this understanding. The in agreement spouse shall clearly understand all the statements in the contract. II. Executive Summary This concern venture of bring forthing and selling bag â€Å"Blue bag† non merely the name that catches the attending of the consumer but it focuses more on the characteristic of the bag and its existent intent which is with in the wants and the desire of the consumers. And besides the bag has its intent because it describes the consumer. The thought of the group is to bring forth a merchandise that is alone to the other bag that is now on the shops and we make that bag new to the local market and even in the countrywide market. This bag is non similar to other bag that most of the people uses. Even if the bag has its similar type of bag nevertheless it is different when it comes to plan because we are concentrating in the customized bag so that each client that will purchase has a alone design. Example of this is when the client decides that the design of the image of the bag is female knight he/she will bespeak to the individual who’s in charge or the staff for the design that he/she wants. The bag gives different characteristics because of its expedience and care-free feeling. Another large advantage of our merchandise is the usage flexibleness. This refers to the sorts of intents the bag can be used for. Peoples of today are really practical but are willing to pay the right monetary value for good quality bag. There are a batch of factors in which the bag can be rated at. the quality can be measured through lastingness. the animalism or design. the colour. map flexibleness. capacity for baggage. cost or monetary value. and popularity/reputation of the bag. As of now we are unable to pull strings the popularity and repute of the bag since we merely introduced this late to the populace. The cloth we used for the bag is satisfactorily lasting. the design is apparent and simple but allows the bag for multiple sorts of use other than school intents. this bag can besides house laptops and heavy books. it can besides be used for gym intents. people presents besides buy gym bags since the capacity besides allots the bag to house multiple baggage at the same clip is lasting plenty to transport the heavy baggage. III. INDUSTRY ANALYSIS As â€Å"Blue bag† will be made. it will perforate the bag industry. It will be a new and a bracing expression of merchandise in Davao because the merchandise it is non common for this type of merchandise to be sold in the emerging market in Davao. Each client will see different feel for every merchandise. Producing bags has been in the Filipino industry since the Pre-Spanish period. The bags so in the Philippines were woven made from abaca fibres and other wooden stuffs. During the Spanish epoch. fabric has been introduced in the industry. It is non until the American settlement that leather has been commenced as good. Since so. the bag industry in the Philippines has been affecting from the low quality to the high terminal stuffs. Blue bag is a fashionable. trendy and alone because of being an eco-friendly characteristic. It is something new that we can offer for our Davao market. This catapulting bag is different from other bags in which we can supply with affordability. We provide a remarkable design to each client to visually distinguish from other consumers with the same lasting and dependable stuffs. A. ) Future Outlook and Trends as the universe today is progressively given consciousness of the developing dangers of the planetary heating. The consequence would be that the universe economic system is easy seting action through undertakings. runs and use of eco-friendly stuffs. We see that eco-friendly merchandises will lift and germinate. Partnered with our development of our alone designs we foresee we could go on in the viing bag market. We could besides spread out. as the first manufacturers of eco-friendly catapulting bag. in the Davao market and making more types of bag that will besides be in line of bring forthing sling bags. B. ) Analysis of Rivals The competition together with the rivals plays a immense portion in impacting the external concern environment since enterprisers see them as a menace to their concern. Entrepreneurs should be cognizant of the competitor’s strengths and failings. With this. the enterpriser will be able to analyse and be prepared for the possible menaces the company will confront. Furthermore. in cognizing the competitors’ strengths and failings. the enterpriser will be able to explicate a good chance analysis. Bags are considered indispensable up to now for its functional capableness in which the industry continues to come on with different inventions. In a day-to-day usage. consumers now tend to seek merchandises that meet their demands both on its utility. lastingness to prolong in transporting multiple points and the design that can foreground the singularity of the bag. Blue bag venture is a individualized bag made of non-woven stuffs with an Ateneo de Davao inspired design that is low-cost in Davao. That is the ground why the enterprisers do non see a major rival in the industry except for the usual bags that has been already sold. The Blue bag endeavor will confront competition from other popular cheap bag trade names like Heart Strings. Cose and besides bags from section shops. bazars and Chinese deal shops. Since the venture has non yet opened mercantile establishments in the promenades. the endeavor will certainly be confronting a tough competition. in the distribution procedure since more people go to commercialized shops. However. the consumers will recognize that the Blue bag merchandises are of sensible monetary value and offer a really alone service and comfort. It is environment friendly. ready to hand and hassle-free but it has rare Blue Knight designs and will accommodate the consumers’ sorts of manners since the venture is about custom-making and personalising. particularly alumni from Ateneo de Davao and pupils and employees from the establishment. C. Market SegmentationThe venture will sort the concern into smaller groups based on features of the clients and purchasing state of affairs. Since the enterprisers are based and shacking in Davao City. the market will sell in the said tube. By the clip that the concern will successfully turn. the enterprisers may believe of ways to spread out the venture. The primary mark market of the venture is female pupils enrolled in private schools of Davao City. These ages range from 13-20 old ages old. Other types of bag bearers such as immature professionals both male and female are besides welcome to utilize the merchandise. The mark market of this venture would sooner be pupils of the Secondary Education and College who have involvements on tendencies and who bring or use bags on a day-to-day footing. Base from the study that the enterprisers conducted. most of the consumers like the thought of customized bags and the most sought-after from a bag are its lastingness. affordability. design and utility which Blue Bag possesses. ( See Apendix for study questionnaire ) In cardinal Davao City. there are 66 private schools and educational establishments who are offering Secondary instruction ( High school and college ) .

A Brief Timeline of Events in America from 1601-1625

A Brief Timeline of Events in America from 1601-1625 1601 Sir Walter Raleigh is imprisoned in the Tower of London for a plot against King James I. 1602 Captain Bartholomew Gosnold is the first Englishman to land on the New England coast. 1603 Roger Williams, the future founder of Rhode Island, is born. 1606 Virginia Company of London is granted a Royal Charter to settle in the New World. 1607 Jamestown is founded under the patent of the London Company.Captain John Smith meets Pocahontas. 1608 Captain John Smith writes A True Relation of Such Occurences and Accidents of Noate(sic) as Hath Hapned(sic) in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Collony(sic). 1609 English explorer Henry Hudson explores the Delaware Bay and Hudson River. 1610 Thomas West, Lord Delaware, was made Governor of Virginia.Henry Hudson discovers Hudson Bay. 1611 Henry Hudson dies after being put off his ship by mutineers. 1612 Captain John Smith writes A Map of Virginia.The Dutch use Manhattan as a fur trading center.Tobacco planted for the first time by English colonists in Virginia. 1613 English Colonists in Virginia destroy the French settlements at Port Royal, Nova Scotia. 1614 Sir Walter Raleigh writes The History of the World.Pocahontas marries John Rolfe. 1616 Sir Walter Raleigh released from the Tower of London.John Rolfe and Pocahontas travel to England. Pocahontas has been given the title Lady Rebecca.William Baffin discovers Baffin Bay while searching for a Northwest passage.Captain John Smith writes A Description of New England.A smallpox epidemic decimates the New England Native American population. 1617 Sir Walter Raleigh sets sail for Guiana.Pocahontas dies in Gravesend, United Kingdom. 1618 Sir Walter Raleigh returns to England and is executed. 1619 The first representative colonial assembly, the House of Burgesses, was formed in Virginia.First slaves in North America. 1620 Mayflower Compact was signed.Plymouth Colony founded in Plymouth, Massachusetts.John Carver was named the first governor of Plymouth Colony. 1621 Sir Francis Wyatt becomes the new governor of Virginia.English attempt to colonize Newfoundland and Nova Scotia.John Carver dies.The Dutch West Indies Company is chartered. 1622 William Bradford became the governor of Plymouth Colony. 1623 New Netherlands is organized in America.First English settlement in New Hampshire is founded by David Thomas. 1624 Virginia Companys charter is revoked.Virginia becomes a Crown Colony.Sir Francis Wyatt remains Governor of Virginia.George Fox is born who will become the founder of the Society of Friends (Quakers).Captain John Smith writes A General Historie(sic) of Virginia, the Summer Isles and New England.The Dutch settle in New Amsterdam. 1625 King James I dies and is succeeded by Charles I. Source Schlesinger, Jr., Arthur M., ed. The Almanac of American History. Barnes Nobles Books: Greenwich, CT, 1993.

True Grit Themes and Film Elements Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

True Grit Themes and Film Elements - Essay Example She asks the Sheriff if she can hire a Deputy U.S. Marshal to track down Chaney and bring him to justice. The Sheriff recommends three of them and Mattie chooses to hire Rooster Cogburn. Mattie’s first conversation with Cogburn occurs when he is in a toilet out of a saloon. Mattie waits for him to come out but he takes too long. This is to show that Cogburn drinks a lot and is sort of nonchalant of what goes on in the world. Until the first appearance of Cogburn, the camera focuses a lot on Mattie. She has been shot from low angles and when three criminals are hanged in the beginning, the camera follows Mattie in a way that makes her presence prominent. This shows that Mattie is a very important character in the movie. Cogburn’s first appearance in the movie is like that of a title or a very important character. He is called as a witness in a courtroom and everybody is listening to his testimony very carefully. He explains to the court that his fellows and he had tried to talk about the situation with the Wharton boys who had allegedly murdered an old man and a woman for some money. He explains that they tried â€Å"to talk some sense into him† but they chose to attack his group and Cogburn had to shot them and their father to save his life. Also, when asked about how many men he has shot in his 4 year career as a Deputy U.S. Marshal, he says that he has â€Å"never shot anybody he didn’t have to.† In this scene, a whole new opinion can be formed about Cogburn which is quite different from him being a drunkard. It can be easily construed that Cogburn is man of good judgment and reason who is not afraid to use violence when it is necessary. When Mattie has first real and face to face meeting with Cogburn, she says to him she has heard that he is â€Å"a man with true grit.† From this statement, it seems that Cogburn is the central character but he shares it with Mattie. He refuses to believe that Mattie would be able to pay the reward of $50 that she offers to him for the capture of Tom Chaney. However, when Mattie raises the money by horse-trading with Colonel Stonehill, she is able to convince Cogburn to pursue Tom Chaney. He agrees but has some qualms about Mattie accompanying him. Another very important development before Mattie successfully secures Cogburn’s services is the introduction of Texas Ranger LaBoeuf who is also after Chaney who has murdered a state senator in Texas. LaBeouf is a strong character in the movie and is noticeable how the camera follows him when he is talking to Mattie as she wakes up. When he stands up from his chair, the camera shows his boots and the spurs on his boots are prominent. Although he tells himself after a little while that he is a Texas Ranger, the focus on his shoes and the guessing eyes of Mattie at the same time show that he is an accomplished individual. He is beyond his jurisdiction but he is pursuing Chaney for a big reward that is offered for Chaney in Texas. His entrance into the movie is also like that of a very important character. He is shot from a low angle when he looks at Mattie when she is going inside to spend the night. He tells Mattie of her business and offers to join forces with Cogburn in pursuit of Chaney as Cogburn knows the area very well and LaBoeuf knows hoe habits and reactions of Chaney. Mattie proves to be very firm in her resolve and insists that she wants to see Chaney hang in Fort

Comparing Senator Kelly Ayotte and Senator Joe Donnelly Essay

Comparing Senator Kelly Ayotte and Senator Joe Donnelly - Essay Example Ayotte and Donnelly have different leadership traits and hold different political ideologies. There approaches on national matters take a different dimension. Ayotte develops her approach based on bipartisan approaches while Donnelly concentrates on advocating for his party’s political and economic stands. This indicates the two develops their arguments and public agenda. Ayotte advocates for national agendas on grounds that there need to be a sober mind when it comes to security and economic policies (Appendix I). Ayotte being a republican, she has played an important role in sponsoring security and economical related bills in the senate. This indicates her concern on matters affecting the public. Donnelly on the other hand concentrated on his party’s policy in that most of his statements are geared towards driving the Democrat’s stands on key national issues. The two differ in the way they present their agenda top the public. Ayotte has been actively involved in senate debates compared to Donnelly. She has been involved in more senate committees than Donnelly. She represents the change advocated by Thomas and Wilcox (2014) in the 21st century. There active roles in politics and public administration. The subordinate roles played in previous administration and transformed into active members in society. The role played Ayotte surpasses Donnelly’s role in 2015 senate and house committees.

The topic of nutrition of the elderly

The topic of nutrition of the elderly The purpose of this literature review is to research the topic of nutrition of the elderly, and to discuss my findings. I will be researching this subject using tools such as athens, and using websites such as google scholar, ovid and internurse. I have chosen to use articles and reviews from the past ten years as I feel they will bring the most up to date nursing care techniques and the most reliable research into the subject. Nutrition of the elderly is an important area of nursing care and should not be taken lightly. It is important in nursing care to assess patients nutrition, as if taken care of it can optimize the general well being of the patient. Malnutrition is the main worry when focusing on elderly patients nutrition, as 40 to 60% of older adults who are hospitalized are malnourished or at risk of malnutrition. This statistic is rather high, meaning that the correct nursing practise is not always used. In this review I will be looking to find the reasons behind this and how the care of these patients can be increased to its full potential. When we look at nutrition we have to consider why it is that elderly patients are so different compared to everyone else. Many questions arise when we look at this for example do they have different eating habits, is there a physiological problem or even is there a psychological problem. The answers to these questions can always be yes in relation to the elderly and we must look further than these general questions, and study the literature of the subject to fully become aware of the correct nursing care to correctly assess and treat this problem. A review by Finch et la (1998) shows that a the majority of the elderly population, not requiring hospitalization, are well nourished and have a good intake of all the correct vitamins, minerals and calories. However what is of more importance in this review is the elderly patients who fall without this category including patients whose nutrition does affect their health and have physical and or mental problems which lower their nutritional intake. A report by COMA (DH, 1999) stated that diet deficiencies in the elderly, most noticed in calcium levels and recommended that current practice of fortifying flour with calcium should continue the same. That same survey also highlighted the low levels of Vitamin D in the elderly which, together with the low levels of calcium gave concern for the increased incidence of osteoporosis found in the elderly population. Another review highlighting deficiency in different areas for the elderly. (Steele et al., 1998) point us to the fact that many elderly patients do not have a good dentition. This obviously can have a massive impact on their nutritional intake and in their choice of food and ease or difficulty of eating it. They also found that those of the elderly who had their own dentition did have a measurable better nutritional and mineral intake than those who did not. Those with poor teeth tended to eat significantly less fruit, nuts and food generally that was hard to chew, meaning they missed out on vital natural vitamins and minerals. All of these facts drawn from literature show us that the nutrition of the elderly is an important and special group. I will now look into further literature to show these specific groups in the elderly population which lack of proper nutrition can affect. Malnutrition is a main concern in nursing practise with elderly patients, so when looking at it we must be fully aware of what the term means. A review by DiMaria-Ghalil (2005) shows the definition of malnutrition. Any disorder of nutritional status, including disorders resulting from a deficiency of nutrient intake, impaired nutrient metabolism, or over-nutrition. Reuben (2005) shows us that malnutrition can be brought on by many things in the elderly population such as dietary intake, isolation, chronic illness, and physiological changes. The routine for the correct nursing care with elderly patients is essential and must be followed for every patient so that no patient is misdiagnosed. During the routine nursing assessment, any and all alterations in the general assessment areas that may influence the patients factors of intake, absorption, or digestion of nutrients should always be further assessed to make sure if an older patient is at a nutritional risk. These areas include the following. As stated by a review done by the University of Texas, School of Nursing (2006) a typical assessment should be done including their present history, past and medical history, and an assessment of their current symptoms. A note of their social history should be taken into account. Any drugs the patient may be taking which can interact or affect the patients nutrient intake and absorption. Boullata, J (2004) stated that drugs can affect and modify the nutrient needs for the metabolism of older people. It also stated that factors such as restrictive diets, changes in eating habits and diet, alcoholism and chronic disease with long term drug treatments can all affect the nutrient intake and reactions in an elderly patient. The fourth area that should be taken into account is the patients functional limitations. Boullata, J (2004) showed that patients with functional limitations can be at risk of malnutrition for many reasons, whether it be a disability restricting their movement, and even a psychological problem such as dementia which can restrict the patients ability to eat in different forms. Next that will be checked on the nursing assessment will be the objective assessment. This will include a physical examination of the patient with emphasis on things such as an oral exam, loss of body fat, dysphagia, bmi and muscle wasting. Also DiMaria-Ghalili (2005) showed that for a more in depth idea of the patients dietary intake can be gathered by a documented three day calorie count using a food chart for the patient. This will help gain some more information for the patients nutrition. Also one of the main things used for every patient in hospital which is malnourished or at fear of malnutrition is the nutrition risk assessment tool. Both DiMaria-Ghalili (2005) and Salva, A (2004) go on to state how this tool is vital and very useful at assessing as it determines the risk by looking at the patients bmi, history of weight loss, psychological stress, or acute disease and dementia or any other conditions which could affect their dietary intake. By using all these it can help come up with a individual score for the patient, and with this score we can evaluate if the patient is malnourished, and what further action can be taken to benefit the patient. This will include things such as referring the patient to the dietician, and or the speech and language therapist. There are many nursing strategies we can use to make sure that any patient that is malnourished can be assessed and monitored to help improve their health and general well being. As I previously noted by Salva, A (2004) referring to the dietician if the patient is at risk for or has under-nutrition. Another useful collaboration for nursing care is to consult the patients medication and review it for possible drugs that can affect the nutrient interactions. Also consulting with a multidisciplinary team specializing in nutrition can benefit the patients all over care as it is more specific to their needs. There are also methods that the nurse can use in the patients daily routine to help the patients efforts in becoming nourished. By alleviating a dry mouth the nurse can help the patient become more willing, and wanting, to take diet and fluids. This can be done by avoiding any foods or drink which can further cause a dry mouth, such as, tobacco, dry and bulky foods, and highly acidic foods. Also to encourage frequent sips of water and keeping lips moist will help the patient to become more hydrated and more comfortable, which, will make them more willing to eat and drink. Margetts, B (2003) also states how important it is to maintain an appropriate nutritional intake for an elderly patient. It goes on to explain how the daily requirements of older adults includes thirty kcal per kg of body weight and 1g of protein per day, with this no more than 30% of calories from fat. It also goes on to explain all requirements will differ depending on the degree of malnutrition and physiological stress the patient is in. A nurse can take this into account when treating a patient in their daily routine by improving the patients oral intake, of which there are many ways of achieving. Souter, S (2003) shows that a patients meal times are important as it will determine how much food the patient has consumed and whether or not they will need assistance with eating from a member of staff. A nurse can go further than this by asking the patients family members to visit during mealtimes making it a more relaxed atmosphere for the patient, meaning they will feel more relaxe d and willing to eat, and for those who need help eating, their family members can assist them which may be more comfortable for them. A nurse can also ask the family members to bring in favourite foods of the patients from home to help in the intake of the patient. With foods that they regularly eat and enjoy, the patient will be more likely to partake in meal times and even snacking between meals, increasing their intake overall. If this is done for a patient the nurse must be aware of the foods the patient likes, and or can handle so that they can supply the patient with what the need and want for their duration in hospital. The nurse can also take into account the nutrients that the patient needs, therefore can suggest small and frequent meals which contain these to help to regain and maintain weight. The nurse can also help a patient with their mouth care such as helping patients with their dentures before food is served so they are ready to eat when it arrives. Souter, S (2003) showed that another way to improve meal times is to create a good environment for the patient. By removing things such as bedpans, urinals, and sick bowls can help to create a positive and clean place for the patient to eat, so nothing is putting them off or distracting them from their food. Also Souter, S stated that any patients who tend to feel ill during meal times can be administered antiemitics on a schedule that will help to lower and diminish the likelihood of them feeling nauseated during their meal. Shahar, D (2001) also shows that with certain patients who are mobile enough to sit in a chair rather than their bed should be placed in such as it is more comfortable for them to eat their meals. The nurse can also create a relaxing atmosphere for patients who needs assistance in eating their meal by sitting at the patients eye level and making eye contact during so that they feel they are not just a chore for the nurse. It is also important for nursing staff not to interrupt patients during meals for drug rounds and procedures as it may distract the patient from their meal and even make them feel, depending on the medication, tired or nauseated which will stop them from eating a sufficient amount for themselves. Nursing staff can also provide specialised nutritional support for certain patients depending on their requirements. The Nutrition Screening Initiative (2002) states that a patient should be started on nutritional support when they cant or wont eat an adequate amount to ben efit themselves. The patient must be reviewed regarding if they already use artificial nutrition and hydration. This can be done by providing oral supplements to the patient. These supplements are not to replace meals, but to be given during the day between meals as shown by Wilson, M (2002). Also it is stated by American Society of Anaesthesiologists that by placing elderly patients as early in the day as possible for tests or procedures it will decrease the length of time that the patient is nil by mouth and not allowed to eat or drink. Meaning less time is wasted where the patient could have been receiving a nutritional diet and fluids. By looking at all this literature we can see that

Extracurricular activity

But today some universities are applying for the student participating in extracurricular activities after classes at school to improve the effectiveness of teaching and learning. So some study is done to show the benefits of extracurricular activities. At the beginning of the twenty-first century, many colleges and universities have a broad educational mission to develop the â€Å"whole student. † On college campuses, extracurricular involvement is a key tool in this personal development. For the ajority of college and university students, involvement in extracurricular activities plays an integral role in the collegiate experience.Students become involved in extracurricular activities not only for entertainment, social, and enjoyment purposes, but most important, to gain and improve skills. Youth problem behaviors, such as truancy, violence, and substance use, are alarming to parents, teachers and youth alike. These behaviors disrupt the learning environment and lead to seri ous social and economic problems. Some experts have argued that rather than trying to prevent individual problem behaviors, parents, chools and communities should work towards building a youth's ability to resist the lure of problem behaviors (Dryfoos, 1990; Werner ; Smith, 1992).As youth develop, they need positive settings that offer the opportunity to build these important internal resources (Hawkins ; Weiss, 1985). Researchers and teachers have long suggested that extracurricular activity participation can be an important source of positive influence in the lives of youth (Holland ; Andre, 1987). This Fact Sheet will explore how youth participation in extracurricular activities can encourage positive youth development. . 2. Objective The importance of extracurricular activities on college campuses is well established.The primary goals of extracurricular activities focus on the individual student level, the institutional level, and the broader community level. These activities ex ist to complement the university's academic curriculum and to augment the student's educational experience. According to a 1993 article by Alexander Astin, almost any type of student involvement in college positively affects student learning and development. Extracurricular activities provide a setting to become involved and o interact with other students, thus leading to increased learning and enhanced development.Specifically, a student's peer group is the most important source of influence on a student's academic and personal development. By identifying with a peer group, that group may influence a student's affective and cognitive development As the development of the well-rounded individual is a principal goal of extracurricular activities on college and university campuses, the numerous experiences these activities afford positively impact students' emotional, intellectual, ocial, and inter-personal development. By working together with other individuals, students learn to neg otiate, communicate, manage conflict, and lead others.Taking part in these out-of-the-classroom activities helps students to understand the importance of critical thinking skills, time management, and academic and intellectual competence. Involvement in activities helps students mature socially by providing a setting for student interaction, relationship formation, and discussion. Working outside of the classroom with diverse groups of individuals allows for tudents to gain more self-confidence, autonomy, and appreciation for others' differences and similarities. Students also develop skills specific to their career path and imperative for future job success.Students have opportunities to improve their leadership and interpersonal skills while also increasing their self-confidence. Extracurricular involvement allows students to link academic knowledge with practical experience, thereby leading to a better understanding of their own abilities, talents, and career goals. Future employ ers seek individuals with these increased skill levels, making hese involved students more viable in the Job market. Specifically, participation in extracurricular activities and leadership roles in these activities are positively linked to attainment of one's first Job and to managerial potential.Student involvement in extracurricular activities also positively impacts educational attainment. Ernest T. Pascarella and Patrick T. Terenzini's 1991 research indicates that extracurricular involvement has a positive impact on attaining a bachelor's degree and on educational aspirations. Students who are actively engaged re more likely to have higher educational ambitions than uninvolved students. Finally, extracurricular activities focus on institutional goals, such as building and sustaining community on campus as well as student retention.As campuses become more diverse, students desire an environment in which they feel connected to others and to the university. Extracurricular activit ies provide a place for students to come together, discuss pertinent ideas and issues, and accomplish common goals. Within this community, where students feel comfortable with one another, learning and evelopment are enhanced and student retention is positively impacted. According to Vincent Tinto's 1987 research, students will be more likely to persist in college if they feel they have had rewarding encounters with a college's social and academic systems.Through extracurricular participation, students frequently interact with peers who have similar interests, providing social integration into the college environment. As a result, involved students view their college years as a positive experience and feel they are a vital part of the university, resulting in higher retention rates. 1. 3. Organization Chapter 1 of this study introduced the problem statement and described the specific problem addressed in the study as well as design components. problem addressed in this study.Chapter 3 presents the methodology and procedures used for data collection and analysis. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW This chapter will provide discussion some of the positive effects in student development based on participating in extracurricular activities. In addition, this chapter will also describe how extracurricular activities can effect personal, social and academic development in a positive manner. 2. . Introduction 2. 1 . 1. Definition: â€Å"Extracurricular activities are those that fall outside the realm of the normal curriculum of school or university education, performed by students† (Wikipedia).Extracurricular activities are opportunities to engage in extensions of academic activities and/or non-academic activities under school auspices. In special circumstances, for example, when there are budget or scheduling constraints, extracurricular activities may provide experiences that would otherwise be offered within the school day. (wiseGEEK. org) Extracurricular can be valuable experience. If you have a career or study interest that you can pursue outside the classroom, take advantage. Think you might be interested in medicine? Try volunteering at a local hospital.Are you destined to be a writer? Join your school's newspaper or literary magazine. These activities can help give you a strong foundation should you decide to pursue them further, academically or professionally. (The Princeton Review) 2. 1. 2. Extracurricular types: These activities are generally voluntary as opposed to mandatory, non-paying, social, philanthropic as opposed to scholastic, and often involve others of the same age. Students often organize and direct these activities under faculty sponsorship, although student-led initiatives, such as independent newspapers, are common.There are many types of extracurricular activities: Athletics, Clubs, and Competitions†¦ 2. 2. Benefits of Extracurricular Activities: There are many schools today that provide a lot of extracurricular activit ies. Some occur before school, some after school, and a few may even take place on the weekends. While some people are a bit dubious about participating in extracurricular activities, these activities actually bring with students many benefits. Allowing tudents to get involved in extracurricular activities at school is a wise choice, and it can be very important in helping them to develop many working skills, people skills, and more.Here is a closer look at some of the benefits of extracurricular activities for students in university 1) Learning Time Management and Prioritizing Esteem One great benefit of students being involved in extracurricular activities is that need to learn how to control a variety of different tasks in school & life as well, and getting involved in these activities can give them some practice at it. 2) Getting Involved in Diverse Interests Getting involved in extracurricular activities also allows students to get involved in diverse interests. It is important for students to be very diverse in their interests.These activities allow them to explore various interests that they may have. 3) Learning About Long Term Commitments This is another excellent benefit. Students learn about long term commitments when the Join one of the activities or clubs. They commit themselves to that activity for a period of time. If they have some troubles which they must try to solve for keeping up to their end of the deal, they will learn how to overcome difficult in any ase. If not, no doubt they'll hear about it from their peers and perhaps even teachers when they give up. ) Making a Contribution Extracurricular activities allow students to make a contribution in some way. It shows that they are getting away from Just thinking about themselves and contributing to something else. They will be taught about receive ; giving. 5) Raises Self-Esteem There are many students that feel worthless or that there is nothing they are good at. Everyone wants to find some thing that they are really good at, and extracurricular activities provide them with a way that they can get involved in omething and really shine, giving their self-esteem a boost. ) Building Solid Relationship Skills Students need to get involved in social activities and learn how to appropriate act in social situations and these activities give them a chance outside of school to do this, while they are still being supervised by adults. 7) Looks Great on Jobs Applications Another benefit of Joining extracurricular activities is that it looks great on Job applications. Most employers not only look at grades, but they take a look at extracurricular activities that students are involved in while they are in university.They want to see that students are getting out there and doing more than Just book work. The activities that teens are involved in reveal a lot about them, and definitely will say something to your boss in future. THE PROPOSED METHODOLOGY Objective: Giving benefits that extracurricular activities bring to students and teachers. Helping students and teachers understand the positive impact of the extra- curricular activities in teaching. 2. 3. Research design This study is designed to research about Benefits of Extracurricular Activities in Teaching by: *Exploratory in questions with students and interview with teacher.Explanatory and analysis reaction of students ; teacher with extracurricular activities This study is following a mixed research design between a qualitative about rate 2. 4. Data sources: Many data sources will be used in this study but main data sources is narratives, transcript of interviews and survey data. 2. 5. Data collection techniques: Narratives: we will ask some students to talk about extracurricular activities which they had. Transcript of interviews: we'll invite some teacher for interview about effective of extracurricular activities and reaction of students in their department.Interviews will e tape-recorded. Survey dat a: we'll create a survey online with yes/no questions and send to student as much as we can via social network, email, instant messenger. Google Drive will be used as a tool to create a survey online and data will be saved and summarized. A personal data sheet requested demographic data in addition to the responses to the ten survey questions. The survey instruments were distributed to the students enrolled at Department of International Relationship. The students returned the completed surveys on the internet throughout two week. 2. 6. Issues of reliability and validityInterviews will be tape-recorded. Survey online will get information as name, email of students who do the survey. Data of survey online will be accuracy rate each questions, each answer on graph by Google. We will try to get pictures as evidence for the story about extracurricular activities which are narrated. Interviewing teacher, maybe some teachers didn't organize an extracurricular activities. Survey online may be some students don't like do any survey or theyre not finish the survey, we will delete unfinished survey to get accuracy rate from Google. 2. 7. Sampling techniquesWe will use yes/no questions in questionnaire of survey online for students and open question is used to interviews teachers. 2. 8. Definitions of key terms, concepts and variables â€Å"Google Drive is a file storage and synchronization service provided by Google, which enables user cloud storage, file sharing and collaborative editing. Google Drive is the home of Google Docs, a suite of productivity applications that offer collaborative editing on documents, spreadsheets, presentations, and more†. (Wikipedia, Google Drive) â€Å"Google Forms is a tool that allows collecting information from users via a ersonalized survey or quiz.The information is then collected and automatically connected to a spreadsheet with the same name. The spreadsheet is populated with the survey and quiz responses. † (Wikipedia, Google Docs) LIST OF SOURCES – This document is using Template for a Master's proposal of vwwv. unisa. ac. za Questionnaires for take survey from students: Purpose: about reaction of student after activities, which benefits did they get? Please complete the following by ticking the appropriate box or writing a comment: 1. Does your course have any outdoor activities in studying? Yes No Don't know 3 2.Do you like those activities in course? Yes 3. How did you feel when you study in extracurricular activities? Best Normal Not Bad Bad 4 5 4. How much percent of lessons did you get from extracurricular activities? 5. Do you want to study more extracurricular activities in your course? Yes 6. Who will control in your extracurricular activities? You, the student or the teacher? Student Teacher Don't Know 7. Who will work more than other? The student or the teacher? 8. Can you compare between the way which you study indoor & outdoor? ln- class After-class 9.Do you see any preparati on of your teacher for the extracurricular activities? Is it too much things to do? Yes 10. Where are important factors to have extracurricular activities more interesting, attractive†¦? Student Collaboration Script to interviews teachers: Interviewer: Hello Teacher, I'm really thank you for spending a little time enjoy in our research. Our conversation will be tape-recorded, Are you agree with that? Teacher: † Interviewer: So can I know what your full names and where you teach? Teacher: Interviewer: Did you make any extracurricular activities for your students? *Yes 0 Interviewer:So what is it? How did you prepare for those activities? Do you think that activities help your students in study ; experience? Can you share with us about your students' reaction with your extracurricular activities? Can you compare between extracurricular activities and teaching in class? Which one more effective? 0 Interviewer: Did you think about make any extracurricular activities for your student? *Yes 0 So you thought about that but why don't you make any *No 0 So I think maybe you catch some weakness of extracurricular activities to decide not make any activities in your teaching, didn't you?

Changes And Urban Expansion In Greater Dhaka Environmental Sciences Essay

This survey evaluates old termland usage alterations and urban enlargement in Greater Dhaka, Bangladesh, between 1975 and 2003 utilizing satellite images and socio-economic informations. Spatial and temporal kineticss of old termlandnext term use/cover old termchangesnext term were quantified utilizing three Landsat images, a supervised categorization algorithm and the post-classification old termchangenext term sensing technique in GIS. Accuracy of the Landsat-derived old termlandnext term use/cover maps ranged from 85 to 90 % . The analysis revealed that significant growing of built-up countries in Greater Dhaka over the survey period resulted important lessening in the country of H2O organic structures, cultivated old termland, following term flora and wetlands. old termUrban land expansionnext term has been mostly driven by lift, population growing and economic development. Rapid old termurban expansionnext term through infilling of low-lying countries and glade of flora resulted in a broad scope of environmental impacts, including habitat quality. As dependable and current informations are missing for Bangladesh, the old termlandnext term usage maps produced in this survey will lend to both the development of sustainable old termurban landnext term usage planning determinations and besides for calculating possible hereafter old termchangesnext term in growing forms. Urbanization is one the most widespread anthropogenetic causes of the loss of cultivable old termlandnext term ( Lopez, Bocco, Mendoza, & A ; Duhau, 2001 ) , habitat devastation ( Alphan, 2003 ) , and the diminution in natural flora screen. The transition of rural countries into old termurbannext term countries through development is presently happening at an unprecedented rate in recent human history and is holding a pronounced consequence on the natural operation of ecosystems ( Turner, 1994 ) . Although old termurbannext term countries presently cover merely 3 % of the Earth ‘s old termlandnext term surface, they have marked effects on environmental conditions at both local and planetary graduated tables ( [ Herold etA al. , 2003 ] and [ Liu and Lathrop, 2002 ] ) , including clime old termchangenext term ( Grimm, Grove, Pickett, & A ; Redman, 2000 ) . Since ecosystems in old termurbannext term countries are strongly influenced by anthropogenetic activities, well more attendi ng is presently being directed towards supervising old termchangesnext term in old termurban landnext term usage and old termlandnext term screen ( LULC ) ( Stow & A ; Chen, 2002 ) . Such surveies are peculiarly of import because the spacial features of LULC are utile for understanding the assorted impacts of human activity on the overall ecological status of the old termurbannext term environment ( Yeh & A ; Li, 1999 ) . LULC old termchangenext term due to human activities is presently continuing more rapidly in developing states than in the developed universe, and it has been projected that by the twelvemonth 2020, most of the universe ‘s mega metropoliss will be in developing states ( World Bank, 2007 ) . Increasing population in developing metropoliss has caused rapid old termchangesnext term in LULC and increased environmental debasement ( Holdgate, 1993 ) . The consequence of population is peculiarly relevant given that the planetary old termurbannext term population is projected to about duplicate by 2050 ( UN, 2008 ) . In order to extenuate the damaging effects associated with old termurbannext term growing on the environment and to keep optimum ecosystem operation ( Fang, Gertner, Sun, & A ; Anderson, 2005 ) , spacial and temporal LULC forms, and the factors impacting these old termchangesnext term ( Serra, Pons, & A ; Sauri , 2008 ) , are well of import in developing rational economic, societal and environmental policies ( Long, Tang, Li, & A ; Heilig, 2007 ) . Bangladesh has experienced rapid old termurbannext term population growing in recent decennaries ; the population numbered 14.1 million in 1981, 22.5 million in 1991, 31.1 million in 2001 ( BBS, 2001 ) and 35 million in 2005 ( CUS, NIPORT, & A ; MEASURE, 2006 ) . Rapid urbanisation has led to the transmutation of rural countries into developed countries, and it has been estimated that more than 809A km2 of agricultural old termlandnext term is converted to metropoliss, roads and substructure yearly ( BBS, 1996 ) . The lessening in agricultural activities, the largest sector of the Bangladeshi economic system, and the attendant loss of cultivated old termlandnext term is likely to lend to landlessness, nutrient deficits and endanger the economic system ( Ahmad, 2005 ) . Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, is expected to be the 3rd largest metropolis in the universe by 2020 ( World Bank, 2007 ) and the rapid old termurbannext term growing experienced by the metropolis in recent decennaries is one of the highest in the universe ( [ Islam, 1999 ] and [ Islam, 2005 ] ) . old termUrban expansionnext term of Dhaka was slow in the 1950s, but strong growing followed the independency of Bangladesh in 1971 ( Chowdhury & A ; Faruqui, 1989 ) . The considerable growing observed in the population of Dhaka is thought to hold occurred in response to large-scale rural-previous termurbannext term migration, which has contributed, significantly to the increased rate of urbanisation ( Islam, 1996 ) . To day of the month, the environmental and socio-economic sustainability of Dhaka, which is indispensable for development planning, has received comparatively small attending. This has resulted in widespread environmental jobs across the metropolis, mostly stemming from unpl anned urbanisation, extensive old termurbannext term poorness, perennial episodes of implosion therapy, significant growing of slums, development of resources, and the misdirection of limited old termlandnext term resources ( Hasan & A ; Mulamoottil, 1994 ) . Geographic Information Systems ( GIS ) and distant detection ( RS ) are powerful and cost-efficient tools for measuring the spacial and temporal kineticss of LULC ( [ Hathout, 2002 ] , [ Herold etA al. , 2003 ] , [ Lambin etA al. , 2003 ] and [ Serra etA al. , 2008 ] ) . Distant feeling informations provide valuable multi-temporal informations on the procedures and forms of LULC old termchange, following term and GIS is utile for function and analysing these forms ( Zhang etA al. , 2002 ) . In add-on, retrospective and consistent synoptic coverage from orbiters is peculiarly utile in countries where old termchangesnext term have been rapid ( Blodget, Taylor, & A ; Roark, 1991 ) . Furthermore, since digital archives of remotely sensed informations provide the chance to analyze historical LULC old termchanges, following term the geographic form of such old termchangesnext term in relation to other environmental and human factors can be evaluated. Numerous old termchangenext term sensing methods have been developed to measure fluctuations in LULC utilizing satellite informations ( [ Coppin etA al. , 2004 ] , [ Lu etA al. , 2004 ] and [ Singh, 1989 ] ) . Of these techniques, the pre- and post-classification comparings have been extensively used ( [ Coppin etA al. , 2004 ] and [ Singh, 1989 ] ) . In the pre-classification attack, processs such as image differencing ( Toll, Royal, & A ; Davis, 1980 ) , band rationing ( Nelson, 1983 ) , old termchangenext term vector analysis ( Johnson & A ; Kasischke, 1998 ) , direct multi-date categorization ( Li & A ; Yeh, 1998 ) , flora index differencing ( Townshend & A ; Justice, 1995 ) and principle constituent analysis ( Fung & A ; LeDrew, 1987 ; Hartter, Lucas, Gaughan, & A ; Aranda, 2008 ) have been developed ( [ Hardin etA al. , 2007 ] , [ Jensen, 1996 ] and [ Singh, 1989 ] ) . The basic premiss of these processs is that old termchangesnext term in LULC consequence in differences in the pel coefficient of reflection values between the day of the months of involvement. However, while these techniques are effectual for turn uping old termchange, following term they can non place the nature of old termchangenext term ( Ridd & A ; Liu, 1998 ) . Conversely, post-classification comparings examine old termchangesnext term over clip between independently classified old termlandnext term screen informations. Despite the troubles associated with post-classification comparings ( [ Coppin etA al. , 2004 ] and [ Singh, 1989 ] ) , this technique is the most widely used for placing LULC old termchangesnext term ( [ Jensen, 1996 ] and [ Lu etA al. , 2004 ] ) , peculiarly in old termurbannext term environments ( Hardin etA al. , 2007 ) . However, one of the disadvantages associated with this attack is that the truth of the end point LULC old termchangenext term maps depends on the truth of the single categorization, intending that such techniques are capable to error extension ( Y uan, Sawaya, Loeffelholz, & A ; Bauer, 2005 ) . However, such post-classification techniques are peculiarly utile for bring forthing ‘from-to ‘ maps ( Jensen, 1996 ) , which can be used to clear up the magnitude, location and nature of the old termchangesnext term shown ( Howarth & A ; Wickware, 1981 ) . In add-on, the technique can be employed utilizing informations acquired from detectors with different spatial, temporal and spectral declarations ( [ Alphan, 2003 ] and [ Coppin etA al. , 2004 ] ) . RS is really effectual for exemplifying the interactions between people and the old termurbannext term environments in which they live ( Gatrell & A ; Jensen, 2008 ) . Space-borne orbiter informations are peculiarly utile for developing states due to the cost and clip associated with traditional study methods ( Dong, Forster, & A ; Ticehurst, 1997 ) , and these techniques have become feasible options to conventional study and ground-based old termurbannext term mapping methods ( Jensen, Hodgson, Tullis, & A ; Raber, 2004 ) . Several surveies have demonstrated the pertinence of RS to developing sourcing information and for back uping decision-making activities in a broad scope of old termurbannext term applications ( [ Gatrell and Jensen, 2008 ] , [ Jensen and Cowen, 1999 ] and [ Zeilhofer and Topanotti, 2008 ] ) . In the country of old termurbannext term planning, of import RS research has been conducted to day of the month, peculiarly in old termurban changenext term analysis and th e mold of growing ( [ Bahr, 2004 ] , [ Hardin etA al. , 2007 ] , [ Hathout, 2002 ] , [ Herold etA al. , 2003 ] , [ Jat etA al. , 2008 ] , [ Jensen and Im, 2007 ] , [ Liu and Lathrop, 2002 ] , [ Maktav and Erbek, 2005 ] , [ Ridd and Liu, 1998 ] , [ Yang, 2002 ] and [ Yuan, 2008 ] ) , LULC rating ( [ Alphan, 2003 ] , [ Lopez etA al. , 2001 ] , [ Xiao etA al. , 2006 ] , [ Yang and Lo, 2002 ] and [ Yuan etA al. , 2005 ] ) , and old termurbannext term heat-island research ( [ Kato and Yamaguchi, 2005 ] and [ Weng, 2001 ] ) . In peculiar, RS-based multi-temporal old termlandnext term use old termchangenext term informations provide information that can be used for measuring the structural fluctuation of LULC forms ( Liu, Gao, & A ; Yang, 2003 ) , which can be applied to avoiding irreversible and cumulative effects of old termurbannext term growing ( Yuan, 2008 ) and are of import to optimise the allotment of old termurbannext term services ( Barnsley & A ; Barr, 1996 ) . In add-on, accura te and comprehensive old termlandnext term use old termchangenext term statistics are utile for inventing sustainable old termurbannext term and environmental planning schemes ( [ Alphan, 2003 ] and [ Jensen and Im, 2007 ] ) . It is hence really of import to gauge the rate, form and type of LULC old termchangesnext term in order to foretell future old termchangesnext term in old termurbannext term development. Small is known about the spacial and temporal dimensions of the LULC old termchangesnext term that have shaped the old termurban expansionnext term of Greater Dhaka. Although most developed states have both recent and extended LULC information, the comparative deficiency of geospatial informations or entree thereto, is prevailing in developing states, peculiarly in Bangladesh. For case, aerial exposure are classified for the populace. The metropolis does non hold any official statistics on old termlandnext term usage forms, and the Master Plans do non incorporate either a map or quantitative information on the bing forms of old termlandnext term usage in the metropolis ( [ Islam, 1996 ] and [ Islam, 2005 ] ) . The old termlandnext term usage forms of Greater Dhaka were officially categorized in 1991 utilizing land observation informations ( Flood Action Plan ( FAP ) 8A, 1991 and [ Islam, 2005 ] ) . Due to the easiness of entree and recent nature of nose count records, the local autho ritiess of Dhaka often use nose count informations to construe old termlandnext term use old termchanges.next term As a consequence, the kineticss of development are non clear and frequently deceptive ( Talukder, 2008 ) . Numerous factors, including fiscal restraints, restricted entree to informations, bureaucratism and deficiency of geospatial expertness in the planning bureaus account for the absence of historical and current old termlandnext term usage informations. Furthermore, every bit many as 18 ministries are involved in the development and planning of Dhaka, and there is a general deficiency of coordination between these organic structures ( Mohit, 1991 ) . This empirical survey will try to place the spatio-temporal form of LULC old termchangesnext term for Greater Dhaka utilizing geospatial informations so that both the scientific community and determination shapers can measure the assorted kineticss impacting LULC old termchangesnext term in this old termurbannext term en vironment. The aims of this survey were therefore to research the features of LULC old termchangesnext term and qualify the underlying drive forces in the Greater Dhaka country by doing usage of remotely sensed informations and socio-economic information. Specifically, the aims are: ( a ) to clarify and measure the LULC old termchangesnext term between 1975 and 2003 ; ( B ) to research the spacial and temporal features of old termurban expansionnext term in this period ; and ( degree Celsius ) to analyse the drive forces of old termlandnext term use old termchange and urban expansion.next termStudy countryAs shown in Fig.A 1, the survey country of Greater Dhaka is located in the centre of Bangladesh between 23A °68aˆ?N ( BTM 533233.91A m ) , 90A °33aˆ? E ( BTM 619052.83A m ) and 23A °90aˆ?N ( BTM 550,952.57A m ) , 90A °50aˆ? E ( BTM 642511.56A m ) , severally. Topographically, the country is level with a surface lift runing from 1 to 14A m ( Fig.A 1 ) , with most old ter murbannext term countries located at lifts runing from 6 to 8A m ( FAP 8A, 1991 ) . The metropolis is situated chiefly on an alluvial patio, popularly known as the Modhupur patio dating from the Pleistocene period. The survey country is surrounded by four major river systems: the Buriganga, Turag, Tongi and the Balu, which flow to the South, west, north and east, severally. These rivers are chiefly fed by local rainfall and besides receive overflow from the well larger Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna rivers. The metropolis has a humid sub-tropical monsoon clime and receives about 2000A millimeters of rainfall yearly, more than 80 % of which falls during the monsoon season from June to September. Life-size image ( 137K ) – Opens new window Life-size image ( 137K ) Fig.A 1.A Location of survey country. River webs, embankment and administrative units are draped over a digital lift theoretical account. Brightest countries represent higher lift ; bright grey represents average lift while dark pels show the lowest lift.Position Within ArticleThe happening of heavy monsoon rainfall combined with floodwater overflow from the rivers environing the metropolis mean that Dhaka is really prone to monsoon implosion therapy. The metropolis has experienced a figure of lay waste toing inundations in recent times, with the inundations in 1988, 1998 and 2004 being the most terrible ( Alam & A ; Rabbani, 2007 ) . Quantitative appraisals of the countries inundated by these flood events revealed that in 1988, 47.1 % of greater Dhaka were flooded, while in 1998 and 2004, about 53 % and 43 % countries were inundated ( [ Dewan etA al. , 2007 ] , [ Dewan and Yamaguchi, 2008 ] and [ Dewan etA al. , 2006 ] ) . The inundations caused harm to lodging and substructure amou nting to US $ 2.2A m in 1988, 4.4A m in 1998 and 5.6A m in 2004 ( Ahmed, Gotoh, & A ; Hossain, 2006 ) . The badness of inundation harm was considerable, even in 2004, which was considered more moderate of the three inundations, and which was believed to be the consequence of hapless old termurbannext term planning and renewal and development of natural countries, such as wetlands and low-lying countries, that would otherwise hold attenuated the implosion therapy. A survey utilizing hydrological record and RS-based LULC information has shown that inundation continuance and extent has increased well as a consequence of the extended old termurbannext term development on Lowlandss and flood plains of natural river channels ( Dewan & A ; Yamaguchi, 2008 ) . It has been suggested that the exposure of Dhaka to deluge harm will increase due to continued unplanned old termurban expansionnext term ( Faisal, Kabir, & A ; Nishat, 1999 ) and the consequence of clime old termchangenext term ( Ala m & A ; Rabbani, 2007 ) , and that these in bend will increase the agony to the dwellers of Dhaka and do extended harm to belongings in the part.Data and methodological analysisData acquisition and readyingLandsat informations ( MSS, TM and ETM+ ) were acquired and used to measure LULC old termchanges and urban expansionnext term in Dhaka. Geometric rectification was performed on all the images utilizing a Landsat TM image of the same country from 1997 as mention. At least 45 land control points ( GCPs ) were used to register the images to the Bangladesh Transverse Mercator ( BTM ) system. GCPs were dispersed throughout the scene, giving a RMS mistake of less than 0.5 pels. A first order multinomial tantrum was applied and images were resampled to 30A m end product pels utilizing the nearest neighbour method. All brooding sets were used in image categorization and the thermic set was excluded. In add-on, geospatial informations including municipal boundaries, route webs, geomorphic units and lift units were used to bring forth GIS beds from beginnings such as Survey of Bangladesh ( SOB ) topographical maps ( sheet no. 79 I 5 & A ; 6 ) , municipal boundary map and geomorphic map ( Asaduzzaman, Nasreen, & A ; Olsen, 1999 ) . Multi-year socio-economic informations were obtained from Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics ( BBS ) and published literature ( [ Islam, 1996 ] , [ Islam, 2005 ] and [ Siddiqui etA al. , 2000 ] ) . Reference informations, which varied given the retrospective nature of the survey ( Table 1 ) , were used for both developing country choice and for the rating of map truth. In add-on to utilizing high-resolution imagination, intensive fieldwork was conducted in the survey country from 6 February to 22 March 2003 to roll up land truth information for the analysis of the 2003 image. A hardcopy false colour composite ETM+ ( RGB 432 ) image picturing different LULC types was used in the field to place bing old termlandnext term screen characteristics, with particular attending given to spectrally similar characteristics. Based on this fieldwork, a land truth map was prepared for turn uping preparation pels on the image and 200 mention informations points were collected utilizing a planetary placement system ( GPS ) . This GPS information was so overlaid with the image in GIS to choose developing countries and for accuracy appraisal ; 100 of the GPS points were used for trying and the ot her 100 were used for measuring the truth of the categorization. Table 1. Different informations types used in this survey.Sl. No.Type of informations usedScale/resolutionYear1 Survey of Bangladesh topo-sheets 1: 50,000 1973, 1991 2 CUS old termlandnext term usage map 1: 10,000 1975 3 FAP 8A old termlandnext term usage map 1: 10,000 1991 4 Landsat MSS image 79A m 1975 5 SPOT Pan image 10A m 1989/90 6 Landsat TM image 28.5A m 1992 7 Landsat ETM+ image 28.5A m 2003 8 IKONOS Pan image 1A m 2003 9 Municipal boundary informations 1: 50,000 2001 10 Geomorphic map 1: 25,000 1999 11 Drain map 1: 25,000 2000 12 City Guide Maps 1: 20,000 1991, 2002 13 Socio-economic informations Annually and decadala 1973-2005 Full-size tabular array aA Census records.Position Within ArticleImage categorizationA alteration of the Anderson Scheme Level I method was used to measure LULC old termchangesnext term in this survey ( Anderson, Hardy, Roach, & A ; Witmer, 1976 ) . Specifically, extra factors such as the major old termlandnext term usage classs within the survey country and differences in the spacial declaration of the images, which varied from 30 to 79A m, were considered in planing the categorization strategy. Six separate LULC types were identified: H2O organic structures, wetlands/lowlands, built-up countries, cultivated old termland, following term flora and bare soil/landfill ( Table 2 ) . Table 2. old termLandnext term use/cover categorization strategy. old termLandnext term use/Cover TypesDescriptionBuilt-up Residential, commercial and services, industrial, transit, roads, assorted old termurban, following term and other old termurbannext term Bare soil/landfill sites Exposed dirts, landfill sites, and countries of active digging Cultivated old termlandnext term Agricultural country, harvest Fieldss, fallow old termlandsnext term and vegetable old termlandsnext term Vegetation Deciduous forest, assorted forest old termlands, following term thenars, conifer, chaparral and others Water organic structures River, lasting unfastened H2O, lakes, pools and reservoirs Wetland/lowlands Permanent and seasonal wetlands, low-lying countries, marshy old termland, following term rivulets and gully, swamps Full-size tabular arrayPosition Within ArticleAll orbiter informations were studied utilizing spectral and spacial profiles to determine the digital Numberss ( DNs ) of different LULC classs prior to categorization. Training samples were selected from the mention informations and accessory information ( Table 1 ) . Sixty to seventy preparation sites, runing in size from 286 to 7800 pels, were used to develop the images. Training samples included 5-10 subclasses for each category except for bare soil/landfill. The preparation samples were so refined, renamed, merged, and deleted after rating of the category histogram and statistical parametric quantities. A supervised upper limit likeliness categorization ( MLC ) algorithm, antecedently demonstrated to obtain the best consequences from remotely sensed informations if each category has a Gaussian distribution ( Bolstad & A ; Lillesand, 1991 ) , was so applied to each image. However, several of the categories were falsely classified in the supervised categorization of LULC, with certain old termurbannext term colonies being misclassified as landfill sites due to their holding similar spectral features. Similarly, the wetland category was merged with the lowland category as it was non possible to divide them due to similar spectral belongingss, and the wetland/lowland class and cultivated old termlandnext term were besides falsely classified. Post-classification polish was hence used to better the truth of the categorization as it is a simple and effectual method ( Harris & A ; Ventura, 1995 ) . In add-on, since the old termurbannext term surface is heterogenous and composed of a complex combination of characteristics ( e.g. edifices, roads, grass, trees, dirt, H2O ) ( Jensen, 2007 ) , assorted pels are a common job when utilizing medium-spatial declaration informations such as Landsat ( Lu & A ; Weng, 2005 ) . The job of assorted pels was addressed in several ways. For illustration, thematic information ( e.g. H2O organic structures, flora, and bare dirt ) was foremost extracted from the Landsat informations utilizing the V-S-W index ( Yamagata, Sugita, & A ; Yasuoka, 1997 ) , before a rule-based technique utilizing thematic information and GIS informations ( e.g. DEM, municipal maps and H2O organic structures, etc. ) was employed in ERDAS spacial modeller to rectify antecedently misclassified old termlandnext term scree n classs. Although this rule-based technique greatly improved the MLC categorization, some misclassification between wetland and cultivated old termlandsnext term was still observed, chiefly because of the geographical adjacency of these classs. GIS tools, such as Area of Interest ( AOI ) were so applied to the informations utilizing ocular analysis, mention informations, every bit good as local cognition, to divide and recode these screens so that they more closely reflected their true categories. By using these techniques, the consequence obtained utilizing the supervised algorithm could be well improved. Finally, to cut down the salt-and-pepper consequence, a 3A A-A 3 bulk filter was applied to the classified old termlandnext term screens ( Lillesand & A ; Kiefer, 1999 ) .Accuracy appraisalBy and large, categorization truth refers to the extent of correspondence between the remotely sensed informations and mention information ( Congalton, 1991 ) . In order to measure the truth of old termlandnext term screen maps extracted from Landsat informations, a sum of 125 graded random pels were generated for the 1975 and 1992 informations and 100 pels for the 2003 old termlandnext term screen map. Accuracy appraisal of the LULC maps was so performed utilizing field informations and the geographical characteristics on old termlandnext term usage maps, high-resolution images, and SOB topographic maps, and the consequences were recorded in a confusion matrix. A non-parametric Kappa trial was besides used to mensurate the categorization truth as it accounts for all the elements in the confusion matrix instead than merely the diagonal elements ( Rosenfield & A ; Fitzpatirck-Lins, 1986 ) . The entire truth of the Landsat-derived LULC information was 85.6, 89.6 and 90 % with matching Kappa statistics of 82.7, 87.5 and 87.9 % for MSS, TM and ETM+ , severally, confirming the standard truth of 85-90 % for LULC mapping surveies as recommended by Anderson etA Al. ( 1976 ) . The application of rule-based post-classification polish was found to be effectual and improved truth by 10-12 % . The MSS image had the lowest overall truth, which may be due to its harsh spacial declaration ( Haack, 1987 ) . Yang and Lo ( 2002 ) besides noted that the jobs associated with right sorting assorted pels additions with diminishing image declaration, ensuing in spectral confusion. In this survey, spectral confusion was higher in the MSS image than in the TM/ETM+ images. old termChangenext term sensing This survey employed the post-classification old termchangenext term sensing technique, which is efficient in observing the nature, rate and location of old termchanges, following term and has been successfully used by a figure of research workers in the old termurbannext term environment ( Hardin etA al. , 2007 ) . An overlay process utilizing the GIS was adopted in order to obtain the spacial old termchangesnext term in LULC during three intervals: 1975-1992, 1992-2003 and 1975-2003. Application of this technique resulted in a bipartisan cross-matrix, depicting the chief types of old termchangenext term in the survey country. Cross tabular matter analysis on a pixel-by-pixel footing facilitated the finding of theA measure of transitions from a peculiar old termlandnext term screen category to other old termlandnext term usage classs and their corresponding country over the period evaluated. A new thematic bed incorporating different combinations of â€Å" from-to † old termc hangenext term categories was besides produced for each of the three six-class maps. LULC old termchangesnext term and kineticss of old termurban expansionnext term Spatial forms of LULC old termchangesnext term in the Greater Dhaka country for 1975, 1992 and 2003 are shown in Fig.A 2. In 1975, lowlands, cultivated countries and H2O organic structures were the dominant old termlandnext term usage types, and the way of old termurban expansionnext term ( herein referred to as the built-up class ) was northerly. In 1992, the built-up class replaced most of the H2O organic structures and depressions within the metropolis every bit good as the cultivated old termlandnext term along the peripheral zone. Surveies of historical maps and the available literature suggest that the depressions and H2O organic structures within the metropolis disappeared comparatively rapidly after independency as countries were developed for residential, commercial, academic and concern intents ( Siddiqui etA al. , 2000 ) . Between 1975 and 1992, when route transit from Dhaka to the backwoods was improved by the building of Bridgess over the rivers ( Islam, 1996 ) , old ter murban expansionnext term extended further to the North, north-west and to the West. Consequently, the country of cultivated old termlandnext term and H2O organic structures declined markedly during the period 1975-1992 ( Louis Berger & A ; BCL, 2005 ) . In 2003, the forms of LULC old termchangenext term revealed that Dhaka started to spread out in all waies, chiefly at the disbursal of vegetated and wetland/lowland countries. The rate of old termurbannext term invasion ( Fig.A 2 ) on other old termlandnext term utilizations increased significantly following the readying of a new Master Plan in 1995 and the development of substructure ( Siddiqui etA al. , 2000 ) . The building of a span over the Buriganga River accelerated old termurban expansionnext term in the southern and northwesterly waies. The spacial distribution of the exposed soil/landfill class is besides seeable in the maps produced ( Fig.A 2 ) , clearly exemplifying the transmutation of lowland countries to landfills on the outskirts of Dhaka. Life-size image ( 292K ) – Opens new window Life-size image ( 292K ) Fig.A 2.A Classified old termlandnext term use/cover maps of Greater Dhaka in 1975, 1992 and 2003.Position Within ArticleThree sectors, viz. the populace, private, and individual-household sectors, are responsible for all of the old termlandnext term developments in Dhaka. Most of the old development undertakings were undertaken on an ad hoc footing by the populace sector, chiefly in countries that were antecedently used for agribusiness and that were free from flood ; illustrations of such developments include Gulshan Model Town, Banani, Uttara Model Town and Dhanmondi ( Chowdhury, 2003 ) . In recent old ages, belongings development has proliferated in Dhaka, and belongings developers have developed both wetlands and agricultural countries without any consideration of the attendant environmental costs. In add-on, single families have started to develop the peripheral countries ( Islam, 1996 ) . In the fieldwork conducted in this survey, old termlandnext term guess was observed to ho ld had a pronounced influence on the development of suburban countries. In response to increasing old termlandnext term monetary values and turning demand for lodging, Lowlandss and agricultural countries in the periphery zone are quickly going built-up by the person and belongings developers. While suburban development is a really complex procedure that is known to be influenced by a assortment of factors, including guess and old termlandnext term monetary values, these factors may non adequately explicate the procedure of suburban development in the survey country. A more elaborate survey is hence required in order to understand the assorted factors act uponing suburban development in the greater Dhaka country. Furthermore, hapless coordination among executive bureaus is besides responsible for the decrease observed in natural resources in the survey country. For illustration, in the Dhaka-Narayangonj-Demra ( DND ) undertaking, despite about 6000A hour angles being set aside for a gricultural production in the 1960s, the country has been used by local and migratory people for residential intents since 1990s without any blessing from the governments concerned. Cases such as this illustrate the deficiency of effectual coordination among the organisations involved in the planning and development of Dhaka. Analysis of the LULC old termchangesnext term in Dhaka over clip revealed a considerable addition in the built-up countries over the survey period ; built-up countries increased by 6132A hour angle between 1975 and 1992, which is an norm of more than 360A haA yra?’1. Similarly, built-up countries increased in size by 4422A hour angle from 1992 to 2003, more than 400A haA yra?’1, and the net addition of old termurbannext term countries over the survey period was 10554A hour angle ( Table 3 ) . When compared with other metropoliss in the part, such as Ajmer City in India, the rate of the old termurban expansionnext term in Ajmer City was 29.2A haA yra?’1 over the period 1977-1989 and 32.4A haA yra?’1 from 1989 to 2002 ( Jat, Garg, & A ; Khare, 2008 ) . Although urbanisation is by and large related to demographic old termchangenext term and economic growing ( Li, Sato, & A ; Zhu, 2003 ) , the nature of old termurban expansionnext term in the survey country ma y besides be associated with other factors such as topography, old termlandnext term usage, and transit. Close scrutiny of the old termchangenext term sensing statistics revealed that about 6132A hour angle of the urbanised country in Dhaka were antecedently either agricultural countries or H2O organic structures between 1975 and 1992. Conversely, 4422A hour angle of the freshly urbanized countries were antecedently flora or wetlands during the same period. By and large, two factors were observed to hold promoted old termurbannext term growing: ( 1 ) increased economic activity associated with the constitution of economic zones ( e.g. export treating zone ) and ( 2 ) redefinition of the metropolitan country. Between 1975 and 1992, reclassification of old termurbannext term countries every bit good as infrastructural development played a important function in the old termexpansion of urbannext term countries. For case, the nor'-west and southerly old termexpansionnext term of the met ropolis occurred in response to building of a inundation embankment in 1992 ( Fig.A 1 ) and a span on the Buriganga River in 2001. The spacial features of built-up countries have besides been shaped by the building of a figure of transit paths in the same period, as understood from historical map analysis and field visit. The old termexpansionnext term to the E and nor'-east led to the development of unplanned suburbs in the Lowlandss and agricultural countries that were antecedently located in those countries. Table 3. Consequences of old termlandnext term use/previous termlandnext term screen categorization for 1975, 1992 and 2003 images demoing country of each class, category per centum and country changed. old termLandnext term use/cover types197519921975-1992 country changed ( hour angle )20031992-2003 Area changed ( hour angle )Area ( hour angle )%Area ( hour angle )%Area ( hour angle )%Water organic structures 2976.1 7.2 2492.8 6.0 a?’483.3 2050.9 4.9 a?’441.9 Wetland/lowlands 13155.1 31.7 11646.8 28.0 a?’1508.3 9124.0 22.0 a?’2522.8 Cultivated old termlandnext term 12040.8 29.0 7934.3 19.1 a?’4106.5 8466.6 20.4 532.3 Vegetation 6585.2 15.8 5686.7 13.7 a?’898.6 3992.2 9.6 a?’1694.4 Built-up 5550.5 13.4 11682.4 28.1 6131.9 16104.6 38.7 4422.2 Bare soil/landfill 1256.2 3.0 2121.0 5.1 864.8 1825.7 4.4 a?’295.4 Entire 41564 100 41564 100 41564 100 Full-size tabular arrayPosition Within ArticleThe GIS analysis besides revealed that the country occupied by H2O organic structures decreased by 16.2 % , wetlands by 11.5 % , cultivated old termlandnext term by 34.1 % , and flora by 13.6 % between 1975 and 1992. Another important old termchangenext term was the diminution in wetlands and flora from 1992 to 2003. In 1992, wetlands and flora occupied 28 % and 13.7 % of the entire survey country, but by 2003, these countries had declined to 21.7 % and 5.5 % , severally. Conversely, built-up countries increased in size by 37.9 % in the period from 1992 to 2003. A little addition in cultivated old termlandnext term ( 6.7 % ) was besides observed in this period. The diminution of flora and wetlands was clearly due to intensification of old termurbannext term development in the greater Dhaka country, peculiarly through the procedure of suburban development. As shown in Table 4, there has been a pronounced old termchangenext term in LULC ove r the 28-year survey period. Table 4. Major old termlandnext term use/cover transitions from 1975 to 2003.‘From category ‘‘To category ‘1975-1992 Area ( hour angle )1992-2003 Area ( hour angle )Water organic structures Built-up 655.7 269.5 Bare soil/landfill 71.4 82.7 Wetland/lowland Built-up 660.0 1414.7 Cultivated old termlandnext term 2007.8 2743.6 Bare soil/landfill 416.8 492.5 Cultivated old termlandnext term Built-up 3944.3 2309.0 Bare soil/landfill 794.7 391.8 Vegetation Built-up 1725.1 1069.1 Cultivated old termlandnext term 932.4 1387.5 Bare soil/landfill 333.7 287.3 Bare soil/landfill Built-up 453.8 1047.4 Full-size tabular arrayPosition Within ArticleThe post-classification comparing of old termchangenext term sensing was carried out utilizing GIS, bring forthing old termchangenext term maps for understanding the spacial form of old termchangenext term between old ages ( Fig.A 3 ) . Table 4 shows a sum-up of the major LULC transitions, viz. ‘from-to ‘ information, which occurred during the survey period. As indicated, the bulk of old termurban landnext term was acquired by change overing countries that were antecedently agricultural old termland, following term flora, H2O organic structures or low-lying countries, proposing the being of increased force per unit area on natural resources in Greater Dhaka to run into the increasing demand for old termurban land.next term Life-size image ( 247K ) – Opens new window Life-size image ( 247K ) Fig.A 3.A Major old termlandnext term use/conversions in Greater Dhaka ( a ) 1975-1992 ( B ) 1992-2003.Position Within ArticleThe survey revealed that the old termurban expansionnext term in Dhaka has been comparatively rapid and has resulted in widespread environmental debasement. The procedure of old termurban expansionnext term in Dhaka was observed to change markedly over the old ages examined in this survey ; specifically, the metropolis expanded by 6131.9A hour angle during the 17-year period from 1975 to 1992 and 4422.2A hour angle in the 11-year period from 1992 to 2003. Landsat images revealed that old termurban expansionnext term in two periods examined in this survey did non happen equally in all waies ; new developments were observed along the fringe of old termurbannext term countries every bit good as in the countries that had already been urbanized. The rapid gait of urbanisation in Dhaka means that it has non been possible for the municipal authorities to supply basic old termurbannext term comfortss to the population, which has led to a broad scope of environmental jobs. For illustration, old termurbannext term development facilitated by old termlandnext term filling has been shown to hold a negative impact on natural home ground and biodiversity ( [ Alphan, 2003 ] and [ Dewidar, 2002 ] ) . Vulnerability to temblor related jeopardies has besides increased since a major part of Dhaka ‘s recent development has taken topographic point in landfill sites ( Kamal & A ; Midorikawa, 2004 ) . In southern Dhaka, landfills have contributed to dir ty pollution, ensuing in reduced flora ( Khatun & A ; Hoque, 1994 ) . Uncoordinated urbanisation and the creative activity of landfill sites have intensified the extent of flood in the metropolis during the moisture season ( Alam & A ; Rabbani, 2007 ) , which is peculiarly critical in the western parts of Dhaka ( Maathuis, Mannaerts, & A ; Khan, 1999 ) . Flood hazard potency has been elevated due to continued infilling of H2O organic structures, wetlands and low-lying countries ( Dewan & A ; Yamaguchi, 2008 ) . In add-on, the speed uping growing of slums is impacting the metropolis ‘s physical and human environment. Harmonizing to CUS etA Al. ( 2006 ) , the slum population of Dhaka ( about 37 % of the metropolis ‘s population ) has doubled in a decennary, to make 3.4 million in 2006 from 1.5 million in 1996. The environment of these informal colonies is highly unhygienic as they are in close propinquity to solid waste mopess, unfastened drains and cloacas, embankments, a nd along railroad lines ( Islam, 1999 ) . Consequently, the people populating in slums are highly vulnerable to inundations ( Rashid, 2000 ) and they besides suffer from an acute deficit of drinkable H2O ( Akbar, Minnery, Horen, & A ; Smith, 2007 ) .Driving forces analysisLULC old termchanges and urban expansionnext term of Greater Dhaka is governed by a combination of geographical, environmental and socio-economic factors. Although population growing is the primary cause for rapid urbanisation, the part of other causes such as economic development and physical factors besides needs to be assessed. To measure the mechanisms underlying the old termchangesnext term in LULC and subsequent old termurban enlargement, following term we performed a arrested development analysis of built-up countries utilizing selected physical and socio-economic variables ( lift, incline, population and GDP ) , and presented the consequences in Table 5. old termUrbannext term country informations were extr acted from one-year BBS statistics since RS informations merely cover three old ages. To analyze the effects of incline and lift on old termurban enlargement, following term average values of incline, and lift of both developed and developing countries in the metropolis were calculated from a digital lift theoretical account. Socio-economic informations, such as population and GDP values were obtained from the decadal and annually one-year tabular arraies of the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics ( Table 1 ) . Table 5. Regression analysis of factors underlying old termurban expansion.next termDriving factorsCoefficientsRobust criterion mistakeTpA & gt ; A |t|Population 1.776 0.633 2.808 0.019 GDP 0.0001 0.000 4.730 0.001 Elevation 0.549 0.295 1.861 0.092 Slope 0.028 0.057 0.494 0.404 Changeless a?’5.058 5.811 a?’0.870 0.404 Full-size tabular array R2A =A 0.947 ; ( ProbA & gt ; A FA =A 0.000 ) ; Dependent variable: Built-up country.Position Within ArticleCensus informations indicate that the old termurbannext term population of Dhaka was merely 0.34 million in 1951, increasing to 2.6 million in 1974 with an one-year growing rate of 9.32 % during 1961-1974 ( Islam, 1999 ) . By 1981, the population had reached 3.44 million. The population reached 6.92 million in 1991 and 10.7 million by 2001 ( BBS, 2001 ) . Presently, the population of Dhaka is more than 12 million with an one-year mean growing of 5 % , compared to the national growing of 2.1 % ( Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics ( BBS ) , 2005 and [ The World Bank, 2007 ] ) . The rapid growing of the old termurbannext term population has chiefly resulted from rural-previous termurbannext term migration and estimates show that more than 60 % of people in Dhaka have migrated from rural countries ( Islam, 1991 ) . Intelligibly, this addition in the population had the consequence of i ncreasing force per unit area on the limited resource-base, and significantly contributed to the old termexpansion of urbannext term countries by glade of natural flora and infilling of low-lying countries. Table 5 clearly shows that old termurban expansionnext term is positively related to population growing. Dhaka ‘s economic development is another factor that has contributed to rapid urbanisation. For illustration, Dhaka ‘s gross domestic merchandise ( GDP ) was about 11,312 million Taka1 in 1976, 129,665 million Taka in 1992 and 162,490 million Taka in 1995. Presently, the GDP of Dhaka is 354,240 million Taka and the metropolis ‘s portion of the national economic system is 19 % ( BBS, 2005 ) . The economic development associated with the roar in ready-made garments since the 1980s has had a important impact on old termexpansionnext term of the metropolis country. This economic activity has besides resulted in a big inflow of rural-previous termurbannext term migrators in the same period ( Islam, 1996 ) . In add-on, Dhaka supports more than 40 % of Bangladesh ‘s industry, farther suggesting that the economic development and industrialisation has led to a higher rate of old termurban expansion.next term The arrested development analysis revealed that GDP exercised positive effects on old termurban land expansionnext term ( Table 5 ) . As in other old termurbannext term centres, the way of old termurban expansionnext term in Dhaka has been extremely influenced by its physical scene, peculiarly its topography. The four major rivers, swamps and depressions within and around the metropolis have ever played a polar function in the development of built-up countries in the metropolis. Urbanization ab initio occurred in the elevated countries that were non affected by inundation. Once all the elevated places had been developed, the lifting demand of old termurban landnext term has been met by the transmutation of low-lying countries, vegetated countries and wetlands. The development of wetlands, for case, has led to a significant loss of natural resources and an addition in habitat debasement. The growing of belongings developers has accelerated invasion of old termurbannext term countries on wetlands and threatens biodiversity. Two geophysical indexs were used in the arrested development analysis ( Table 5 ) and found th at lift has major influence on old termurban expansionnext term while incline has non passed the important trial.DecisionsThis survey has assessed LULC old termchangesnext term and the kineticss of old termurban expansionnext term in Greater Dhaka, Bangladesh utilizing RS informations in concurrence with socio-economic variables. old termUrban expansionnext term was quantified for the last 28 old ages utilizing the post-classification comparing technique. Greater Dhaka was found to hold experienced rapid old termchangesnext term in LULC, peculiarly in built-up/previous termurbannext term countries. Analysis revealed that old termurbannext term countries increased by 6131A hour angle during 1975-1992 and 4422A hour angle from 1992 to 2003, which resulted in a significant decrease in the country of H2O organic structures, flora, cultivated countries and wetlands/lowland. The dramatic old termexpansion of the urbannext term countries of Dhaka exhibited clear spatio-temporal differences . The transition of H2O organic structures, flora and low-lying countries to old termurban landnext term has caused extended and varied environmental debasement in the survey country, and the exposure to implosion therapy and the growing of slums have been the chief negative results associated with the rapid old termurbannext term development. old termUrban land expansionnext term has been mostly driven by lift, population growing and economic development. Integrated usage of GIS, RS and socio-economic informations could therefore be efficaciously used to understand the spatial and temporal kineticss of LULC old termchanges.next term The reading and categorization of RS informations were utile for gauging the rate and spacial form of the old termurban expansionnext term in Greater Dhaka of Bangladesh. As dependable and current informations are missing for Bangladesh, the old termlandnext term usage maps produced in this survey will lend to both the development of sustainable old termurban landnext term usage planning determinations and besides for calculating possible hereafter old termchangesnext term in growing forms.